Technical Barriers to Trade in “New Generation” RTAs and in the WTO Agreements: Conflict or Complementarity?

Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
	References
		Books and Book Chapters
		Journal Articles
Chapter 2: ``Deep´´ Trade Agenda and Multilateralism
	2.1 Changing Paradigms of Global Commerce: Towards a ``Deep´´ Trade Agenda
	2.2 The Diversity of Technical Barriers to Trade
		2.2.1 Technical Regulations
		2.2.2 Standards
		2.2.3 Conformity Assessment
	2.3 WTO as a Forum to Address a ``Deep´´ Trade Agenda
		2.3.1 Cornerstone of Trade Liberalization at the WTO
		2.3.2 Overview of WTO Legal Disciplines Related to TBT
			2.3.2.1 The TBT Agreement and the GATT
			2.3.2.2 The Relevance of Production Methods
			2.3.2.3 Non-discrimination
				2.3.2.3.1 ``Likeness´´
				2.3.2.3.2 Non-discrimination vs. Legitimate Policy Considerations
			2.3.2.4 ``Necessity´´
			2.3.2.5 Harmonization Based on Relevant International Standards
				2.3.2.5.1 ``Relevant International Standard´´
				2.3.2.5.2 International Standards as a Basis for Domestic Technical Regulations
			2.3.2.6 Recognition of Equivalence and Mutual Recognition
				2.3.2.6.1 TBT Agreement
				2.3.2.6.2 GATT
			2.3.2.7 Applicability of the Exceptions
			2.3.2.8 Regulatory Cooperation and Good Regulatory Practices
		2.3.3 Constraints to Furthering Liberalization of TBT at the WTO
	2.4 Towards a ``Deep´´ Trade Agenda in RTAs
	2.5 Global Trade Governance Structure: An Integrated Approach
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
		Books and Book Chapters
		Journal Articles
		Other Articles
		Research Papers of International Organizations and Research Institutions
Chapter 3: Regionalism and Multilateralism: The WTO Perspective
	3.1 Historical Background on Regionalism
		3.1.1 Origins
		3.1.2 Evolution
			3.1.2.1 First Wave
			3.1.2.2 Second Wave
			3.1.2.3 Third Wave
	3.2 Classic Theory of Regionalism
		3.2.1 The Static Time-Path Question: Trade Creation, Trade Diversion, ``Spaghetti Bowl´´
		3.2.2 The Dynamic Time-Path Question: ``Building´´ or ``Stumbling´´ Block
	3.3 Rethinking the Classic Theory of Regionalism in View of TBT Complexity
		3.3.1 The Static Time-Path Question
		3.3.2 The Dynamic Time-Path Question and the ``Laboratory Effect´´
	3.4 RTAs´ Limitations in Securing ``Outcome Multilateralism´´
	3.5 Legal Analysis on the Interconnection Between Existing WTO TBT Rules and RTAs
		3.5.1 Harmonization and Mutual Recognition: Definitions
		3.5.2 RTAs´ Harmonization
		3.5.3 Mutual Recognition
			3.5.3.1 Mutual Recognition and Non-discrimination
			3.5.3.2 Mutual Recognition and ``Necessity´´
			3.5.3.3 SPS Agreement and the GATS: Openness of the Regional Agreements and Arrangements
		3.5.4 Is the Regional Exception Clause Available?
			3.5.4.1 Article XXIV GATT Legal Test
				3.5.4.1.1 Internal Requirement for FTAs Formation (Art. XXIV:8)
				3.5.4.1.2 External Requirement for RTAs Formation (Art. XXIV:5)
				3.5.4.1.3 The Turkey - Textiles ``Necessity´´ Test
			3.5.4.2 Mutual Recognition in RTAs and Article XXIV of the GATT
				3.5.4.2.1 Internal Requirement for RTAs Formation: TBT Measures as ORRC
				3.5.4.2.2 External Requirement for RTAs Formation: Trade Restrictiveness of Mutual Recognition for Third Countries
				3.5.4.2.3 Is Article XXIV GATT Applicable to Violations of the TBT Agreement?
					Article XXIV and Other Multilateral Agreements
					The Case of Article XXIV and Mutual Recognition
		3.5.5 Proposal to Clarify Recognition Provisions of the TBT Agreement
		3.5.6 Interim Conclusion for Sect. 3.5
	3.6 From Regional Towards Multilateral Agenda
		3.6.1 Why There Is a Need to Multilateralize Regional Cooperation
		3.6.2 Options for Multilateralizing RTA Cooperation
			3.6.2.1 Plurilateral Route
			3.6.2.2 Strengthening the Overall Deliberative Function of the WTO
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
		Books and Book Chapters
		Journal Articles
		Other Articles
		Research Papers of International Organizations and Research Institutions
Chapter 4: Development of TBT Rules in EU and US RTAs
	4.1 EU and US ``Deep´´ Trade Agenda and Multilateralism
		4.1.1 EU Trade Policy and a ``Deep´´ Trade Agenda
			4.1.1.1 Bringing a ``Deep´´ Trade Agenda into EU FTAs
				4.1.1.1.1 Moving Away from the ``All-Eggs-in-Multilateral-Basket´´ Approach
				4.1.1.1.2 ``Global Europe´´: from a ``Shallow´´ to a ``Deep´´ Trade Agenda in RTAs
			4.1.1.2 Complementing the RTA Focus with the Support for Multilateralism
			4.1.1.3 In a World of External Economic Challenges, a Search for EU Priorities
				4.1.1.3.1 EU: A Regulatory Power
				4.1.1.3.2 Support for Multilateralism
		4.1.2 US Trade Policy and a ``Deep´´ Trade Agenda
			4.1.2.1 Changing Priorities on Trade Governance
				4.1.2.1.1 From the Multilateral Focus to the Policy of ``Competitive Liberalization´´
				4.1.2.1.2 Unilateralism and a Return to the Conservative US Trade Policy
			4.1.2.2 Reflecting on the Role of Multilateralism in the US System of Priorities
	4.2 TBT in the EU FTAs
		4.2.1 Mapping the Instruments to Tackle TBT Across EU FTAs
		4.2.2 Harmonization and Orientation Towards International Standards
			4.2.2.1 The Role of the TBT Committee Decision Concerning ``Relevant International Standards´´
			4.2.2.2 Specific Fora as Relevant International Standard Developing Bodies
			4.2.2.3 Harmonization of Standards and Conformity Assessment Procedures
				4.2.2.3.1 Automotive Sector
				4.2.2.3.2 Electronics and Pharmaceuticals Sectors
		4.2.3 Mutual Recognition
			4.2.3.1 The Limits of Mutual Recognition in EU ``New Generation´´ FTAs
				4.2.3.1.1 Mutual Recognition in the EU Internal Market and the EEA
				4.2.3.1.2 Mutual Recognition of Conformity Assessment
					``Traditional´´ and ``Enhanced´´ MRAs
			4.2.3.2 Mutual Recognition in EU ``New Generation´´ FTAs
				4.2.3.2.1 CETA Protocol on the Mutual Acceptance of the Results of Conformity Assessment
			4.2.3.3 Mutual Recognition in EU FTAs and the WTO Approach to TBT
		4.2.4 Innovative Approaches: Regulatory Cooperation and Good Regulatory Practices
			4.2.4.1 Regulatory Cooperation
				4.2.4.1.1 Regulatory Cooperation Chapters
				4.2.4.1.2 ``Living Agreement´´
			4.2.4.2 Good Regulatory Practices
		4.2.5 TBT and Environmental Considerations
		4.2.6 TBT and Digital Products
	4.3 TBT in US FTAs
		4.3.1 KORUS FTA and USMCA
		4.3.2 Harmonization and Orientation Towards International Standards
			4.3.2.1 Treatment of International Standards
			4.3.2.2 Consideration of the Other Party´s Standards
			4.3.2.3 Other Harmonization Disciplines
				4.3.2.3.1 Energy Performance
				4.3.2.3.2 ICT Goods That Use Cryptography and Telecommunication Equipment
				4.3.2.3.3 Automotive Sector
		4.3.3 Equivalence
		4.3.4 Mutual Recognition and Other Conformity Assessment Methods
			4.3.4.1 National Treatment of Third-Party Conformity Assessment Bodies
			4.3.4.2 Mutual Recognition
		4.3.5 Innovative Approaches: Regulatory Cooperation and Good Regulatory Practices
			4.3.5.1 Regulatory Cooperation
			4.3.5.2 Good Regulatory Practices
		4.3.6 TBT and Environmental Considerations
		4.3.7 TBT and Digital Products
	4.4 Multilateralizing Regional Cooperation
		4.4.1 Focusing on Possibilities, Rather Than Impediments
			4.4.1.1 Entrenched Regulatory Differences as an Impediment to Cooperation
			4.4.1.2 Going Forward on Less Contentious Issues
		4.4.2 Multilateral Dimension of Substantive Cooperation
			4.4.2.1 Environmental Concerns
			4.4.2.2 Digital Goods
			4.4.2.3 Regulatory Cooperation and Good Regulatory Practices
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
		Books and Book Chapters
		Journal Articles
		Official Documents
		Other Articles
		Research Papers of International Organizations and Research Institutions
Chapter 5: Conclusion
Bibliography
	International Agreements
	Official Documents of Issued by Governments and International Institutions
	WTO Cases
	Other Sources