Teaching Readers of English: Students, Texts, and Contexts

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Table of Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments
Credits
1 Foundations of L1 and L2 Literacy, Reading, and Learning to Read
	The Nature of Literacy and Literacies
		Critical Views of Literacy and Literate Practice
		Print and Digital Literacies
	Writing, Writing Systems, and Reading
	Reading Processes: Fundamentals
		Defining and Exploring Reading Processes
		Cognitive and Neurolinguistic Fundamentals of Reading
	Survey of Perspectives on Reading and Reading Development
		Bottom-up Views of Reading and Reading Development
		Top-down Views of Reading and Reading Development
		Interactive and Integrated Views of Reading and Reading Development
	Understanding L2 Reading Processes
		The Linguistic Threshold Hypothesis
		Components of L2 Reading: Skills and Subskills
		L2 Reading Strategies
	Chapter Summary
	Further Reading and Resources
	Reflection and Review
	Application Activities
2 L2 Reading: Focus on the Reader
	Who Are L2 Readers?
		International (Visa) Students
		EFL Students
		Immigrant Students
		Generation 1.5 Students
		Implications of Multiple Student Populations for Reading Instruction
		L2 Readers in Non-academic Settings
	What a Reader Knows
		Influences of Family and Society
		School Influences
		Types of Reader Schemata
		What the L2 Reader Knows: Final Thoughts
	Individual Differences Among L2 Readers
		Motivation
		Learning Styles
		Learner Strategies
	Focus on the Reader: Implications
		Needs Assessment and Course Goals
		Text Selection
		Classroom Instruction
	Chapter Summary
	Further Reading and Resources
	Reflection and Review
	Application Activities
3 L2 Reading: Focus on the Text
	What Is a Text?
	What Is Challenging about English L2 Reading?
		Orthography
		Vocabulary
		Morphosyntactic Information
		Text Cohesion
		Text Design
		Text Structure
		Textual Features: Summary
	What Should Instructors Consider in Text Selection?
		Selecting and Analyzing Texts for Intensive Reading Instruction
		Text Selection Issues: Summary
	How Can Teachers Help Students Build Bottom-up Processing Skills?
		Bottom-up Skills: Approaches and Activities
		Summary: Textual Elements and Bottom-up Instruction
	Chapter Summary
	Further Reading and Resources
	Reflection and Review
	Application Activities
	Appendix 3.1: Text Analysis Worksheet
	Appendix 3.2: Sample Mini-lesson on Morphology
4 Vocabulary Learning and Teaching in L2 Reading Instruction
	Components of Word Knowledge
	The Role of Lexical Knowledge in Developing L2 Reading Skills and Strategies
		Incidental Vocabulary Learning
		Direct Vocabulary Instruction: Explicit Interventions in Teaching Reading
	Lexical Enhancement and L2 Reading: Challenges and Tools
		Vocabulary Size, Reading Comprehension, and Reading Development
		Word Frequency Lists
	Direct Vocabulary Teaching and L2 Reading Instruction: Practices and Strategies
		Devote Instructional Time to Focusing on Words
		Teach Effective Inferencing Strategies
		Teach Effective Dictionary Strategies
		Work with Graded Readers
		Ask Questions
		Match Definitions
		Practice Semantic Mapping
		Encourage Use of Word Cards
		Assign Vocabulary Notebooks or Logs
	Chapter Summary
	Further Reading and Resources
	Reflection and Review
	Application Activities
5 Reading Closely: Designing an Intensive Reading Lesson
	Background: Intensive Reading
		Arguments for Intensive Reading Instruction
		Assumptions Behind Intensive Reading Approaches
	Stages of Intensive Reading
	Before-reading Goals and Activities
		Getting Ready to Read
		Surveying the Text
		Introducing Key Vocabulary
		Before Reading: Summary
	During-reading Goals and Activities
		First Reading
		Close Reading
		Developing Effective Reading Strategies
		Looking Closely at Language
		Why Use Reading to Teach Language?
		Considering Text Structure
		During Reading: Summary
	After-reading Goals and Activities
		Summarizing a Text
		Responding To and Critically Analyzing a Text
		Making Reading–Writing Connections
		After Reading: Summary
	Putting It All Together: Designing an Intensive Reading Lesson Sequence
		Suggestions for Intensive Reading Lessons
	Chapter Summary
	Further Reading and Resources
	Reflection and Review
	Application Activities
6 Reading for Quantity: Extensive Reading in L2 Reading Instruction
	Extensive Reading: Definitions and Opinions
		Perspectives on Extensive Reading
	Benefits of Extensive Reading
		Extensive Reading Improves Comprehension Skills
		Extensive Reading Develops Automaticity
		Extensive Reading Builds Background Knowledge
		Extensive Reading Builds Vocabulary and Grammar Knowledge
		Extensive Reading Improves Production Skills (Speaking and Especially Writing)
		Extensive Reading Promotes Student Confidence and Motivation
		Summary: The Case for Extensive Reading
	(Perceived) Problems and Challenges with Extensive Reading
		Time and Pre-existing Curricular Requirements
		Resources
		Student Resistance
	Practical Matters: Implementation of Extensive Reading
		Persuading Students of Extensive Reading’s Value
		Providing Access to Reading Materials
		Helping Students Find and Select Appropriate Materials
		Designing Classroom Activities
		Developing Accountability and Evaluation Mechanisms
	Chapter Summary
	Further Reading and Resources
	Reflection and Review
	Application Activities
	Appendix 6.1: Sample Reading and Writing Course Syllabus
7 Syllabus Design and Instructional Planning for the L2 Reading Course
	Needs Assessment: Understanding Learner Needs and Institutional Expectations
		Environment Analysis
		Needs Analysis
	Designing and Administering NA Instruments
	Establishing Goals and Objectives for Teaching and Learning
	Developing an L2 Literacy Syllabus: Design Principles
		Crafting the Course Description
		Constructing the Course Outline
	Selecting and Working with Textbooks
	Planning L2 Literacy Lessons: Principles and Precepts
		Specifying Lesson Objectives
		Organizing a Daily Lesson Plan
		Lesson Planning Mechanics
	Chapter Summary
	Further Reading and Resources
	Reflection and Review
	Application Activities
	Appendix 7.1: Sample Needs Assessment Questionnaire for a Reading Course
	Appendix 7.2: Sample EAP Reading Course Syllabus
	Appendix 7.3: Textbook Evaluation Checklist
8 Classroom L2 Reading Assessment
	Assessment, Teaching, and Learning
	The Purposes of L2 Reading Assessment
	Principles and Concepts of L2 Reading Assessment
		Reliability
		Validity
		Authenticity
		Washback
		Product and Process
		Standards
	A Framework for Designing Classroom L2 Reading Assessments
	Reading Assessment Variables: Readers and Texts
		Reader Variables
		Text Variables
	Task and Item Development in L2 Reading Assessment: Principles and Procedures
		Controlled Response
		Constructed Response
		Maximizing Controlled and Constructed Response Approaches in L2 Reading Assessment
	Alternative L2 Literacy Assessment Options
		Reading Journals
		Literacy Portfolios
		Self-assessment
	Summary: Toward a Coherent Literacy Assessment Plan
	Further Reading and Resources
	Reflection and Review
	Application Activities
	Appendix 8.1: Suggested Target Reading Rates by Grade Level
References
Author Index
Subject Index