Tactical Persistent Surveillance Radar with Applications

Cover
Contents
List of figures
List of tables
Preface
About the author
1 Persistent tactical surveillance elements
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 RF sees through clouds and haze and at night
	1.3 Mapping of emitters onto terrain
	1.4 Long-range detection of activity
	1.5 Intercept direction finding [6,7]
	1.6 Navigation for geolocation
	1.7 General mapping of terrain and movement
	1.8 Tactical target detection
		1.8.1 Stationary targets
		1.8.2 Moving targets
	1.9 Sea surveillance
	1.10 Object imaging
	1.11 Radar patch size and minimum velocity requirements
	1.12 Cueing of EO sensors
	1.13 Tactical target persistent surveillance from space [9,10]
	1.14 Summary
	References
2 What coherent radars do
	2.1 Basic principles
	2.2 Basic radar
	2.3 The matched filter notion
	2.4 Fourier transform
	2.5 Decibel notation
	2.6 Antenna principles
		2.6.1 Active electronic scan antennas (AESA)
		2.6.2 Antenna Example 2.2
	2.7 Multichannel receivers
	2.8 Measuring the distance to a scatterer in wavelengths and the Doppler effect
	2.9 Pulse Doppler
	2.10 Radar equation
	2.11 Pulse compression
		2.11.1 Radar equation Example 2.4
	2.12 Radar surface returns
	2.13 Ambiguities and folding
	2.14 Range and Doppler resolution
		2.14.1 High-resolution mapping Example 2.5
	2.15 Elements of geolocation
		2.15.1 Radar antenna pointing Example 2.6
	References
3 Nature of returns from the surface and tactical targets
	3.1 Ground tactical target characteristics
	3.2 Environmental limitations
	3.3 Ground/surface return characteristics
		3.3.1 Antenna footprints on the surface
		3.3.2 Ground/surface return area
		3.3.3 Ground/surface backscatter
		3.3.4 Ground/surface return Doppler characteristics
		3.3.5 Rain Doppler spread
	3.4 Ground mover Doppler characteristics
	References
4 Sensor signal and data processing
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Sensor signal processing architecture
	4.3 Sensor data processing
	4.4 Basic digital signal processing
		4.4.1 Fast Fourier transforms
	4.5 Matched filtering and straddling losses
	4.6 Sliding windows
	4.7 Analog to digital conversion [9,10]
	4.8 Digital I/Q demodulation [11]
	4.9 Polyphase filtering
	4.10 Pulse compression
		4.10.1 Linear FM/chirp
		4.10.2 Stretch processing
	4.11 Discrete phase codes
		4.11.1 Effect of Doppler on phase codes
		4.11.2 Frank and digital chirp codes
		4.11.3 Complementary codes
		4.11.4 Type II complementary codes
		4.11.5 Polyphase complementary codes
		4.11.6 Polyphase P codes [17,19]
	4.12 Introduction to Kalman filters [22,23]
	References
5 Noise in radar and intercept systems
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Noise and gain in signal selective networks [1]
	5.3 Effects of processing order on dynamic range [1]
		5.3.1 Pulse compression and beamforming
		5.3.2 Scale factor changes, saturation and truncation
	5.4 Noise in prefiltering [1]
		5.4.1 Saturation and truncation introduced by prefiltering
		5.4.2 Coefficient noise and stability of prefilters
	5.5 Noise and signal response in narrowband filtering [1]
	5.6 Transmitted noise sources
		5.6.1 AESA unique noise contributions
	5.7 Receiver noise sources
		5.7.1 Thermal noise
		5.7.2 Dynamic range and self-noise
		5.7.3 Intermediate frequency analog processing
	5.8 I/Q imbalance
	5.9 A/D noise
		5.9.1 Saturation, quantization and optimum signal level [1]
		5.9.2 Aperture jitter
		5.9.3 Other sources of noise in A/Ds
		5.9.4 Advantages of A/D oversampling
	5.10 Noise in digital signal processing systems [1]
		5.10.1 Roundoff, saturation and truncation
		5.10.2 Multiplier roundoff noise
	5.11 Saturation and truncation during FFT processing
	5.12 Self-noise performance of binary and polyphase codes
		5.12.1 Other digital processing anomalous behavior
	5.13 Noise-limited tracking [11]
		5.13.1 Range tracking
		5.13.2 Doppler tracking
		5.13.3 Angle tracking
	References
6 The GMTI idea
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Doppler clutter spread [3]
	6.3 Doppler spectral situation
	6.4 Typical RF front end
	6.5 GMTI signal processing
	6.6 GMTI wide area surveillance [13]
	6.7 GMTI fast target detection and track [15]
		6.7.1 Overview
		6.7.2 GMT thresholding
		6.7.3 GMT tracking
		6.7.4 GMT Kalman tracking filters
		6.7.5 GMT dwell times
	6.8 Slow GMT detection by multiple phase centers
		6.8.1 Slow GMT clutter phase history
		6.8.2 Monopulse clutter cancellation [5,7,10,13]
		6.8.3 DPCA clutter cancellation
		6.8.4 STAP clutter cancellation
		6.8.5 STAP examples
	6.9 Integrated MTI and SAR processing
	6.10 Synthetic monopulse MTI
	References
7 The synthetic aperture radar idea
	7.1 SAR notions
	7.2 Synthetic array geometry
	7.3 Doppler histories of point scatterers
	7.4 Doppler beam sharpening [2,3,4]
		7.4.1 DBS signal processing
	7.5 SAR mapping
	7.6 Strip mapping
		7.6.1 Line-by-line processing
		7.6.2 Batch strip map [1]
	7.7 Tracking telescope/spotlight SAR
	7.8 DBS or SAR PRF, pulse length and compression selection
		7.8.1 Ambiguities, grating and sidelobes
	7.9 SAR imaging
		7.9.1 Image quality measures
		7.9.2 SAR resolution
		7.9.3 SAR pulse compression
		7.9.4 SAR signal processing
		7.9.5 Signal-to-noise ratio
		7.9.6 Contrast ratio
	7.10 Motion compensation for mapping and STAP MTI
		7.10.1 Motion-adaptive methods to reduce phase errors
		7.10.2 Depth of focus
	7.11 Autofocus
	7.12 Image smoothing: multilook
		7.12.1 Polar format
	7.13 Slow-moving target indication by change detection
		7.13.1 Non-coherent change detection
		7.13.2 Coherent change detection
	7.14 Video SAR and shadow detection MTI
	7.15 Inverse SAR
	References
Appendices
	A.1 Appendix Chapter 1
	A.2 Appendix Chapter 2
	A.3 Appendix Chapter 3
	A.4 Appendix Chapter 4
	A.5 Appendix Chapter 5
	A.6 Appendix Chapter 6
	A.7 Appendix Chapter 7
Glossary
Index
Back Cover