Systems of Systems

Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Author Biographies......Page 13
Introduction......Page 16
PART 1 Systems of Systems, Conceptsand Practical Illustrations......Page 19
1.1. Network omnipresence creating a worldwide environment......Page 20
1.2. Increasing complexity of the environment......Page 22
1.2.1. A particular field: defense......Page 23
1.2.2. Impact of context evolutions on the defense systems......Page 24
1.3.1. From system to system of systems......Page 28
1.3.2. Examples for various value chains......Page 35
1.3.3. Epistemological return to the notions of emergence and openness......Page 46
1.3.4. Small aside: system or system of systems?......Page 49
1.4.1. System engineering......Page 51
1.4.2. Is there a need for systems of systems engineering?......Page 53
1.4.3. Architecture: a key element......Page 58
1.4.4. Control of the interfaces......Page 62
1.5. Tools for the control of the system of systems......Page 64
1.5.1. Simulation......Page 66
1.5.2. Towards integrated infrastructures: the battle-labs......Page 69
1.6. The need for standardization......Page 73
1.7.1. The user: operator, supervisor, decision maker......Page 75
1.7.2. Operating system support......Page 77
1.7.3. Designer......Page 78
1.7.5. The human factor in systems of systems: man’s expectations......Page 79
1.7.6. Standardizing the human factor in systems of systems......Page 83
1.8. Budgetary aspects of the systems of systems......Page 85
1.9. The need for governance......Page 87
1.9.1. New models of competition......Page 88
1.9.2. New organizations......Page 89
1.9.3. New relations between project management and general contracting: the role of system integration project managers......Page 91
1.10. Conclusion......Page 92
1.11. Appendix: system of systems’ definitions in literature......Page 94
1.12. Bibliography......Page 101
2.1. Introduction......Page 105
2.2. Matter and shape......Page 106
2.3. Systems......Page 108
2.3.1. Systems and subsystems......Page 109
2.3.2. Resulting and emergent properties of a system......Page 110
2.3.4. Abstract and concrete artificial systems......Page 111
2.3.5. Technological systems......Page 113
2.4.1. Genesis of natural systems......Page 115
2.4.2. Genesis of technological systems......Page 116
2.5. Complexity of systems of systems......Page 123
2.6. Systems of systems engineering......Page 127
2.7. Conclusion......Page 131
2.8. Bibliography......Page 132
3.1. Introduction......Page 134
3.2.1. Material components......Page 136
3.2.2. Software elements......Page 137
3.2.3. The human factor......Page 138
3.3.1. Diversity of the agents......Page 140
3.3.2. Project management......Page 141
3.3.3. Competitive bidding......Page 143
3.4.1. Effective date and duration of contractual commitments......Page 145
3.4.2. Delivery......Page 146
3.4.3. Receipt......Page 147
3.4.4. Financial matters......Page 148
3.4.5. Guarantees......Page 150
3.4.6. The combination of limitations of liability......Page 152
3.4.7. The end of commitments......Page 156
3.5.1. Corporeal property......Page 157
3.5.3. Copyrights and the particular case of software......Page 158
3.5.7. The domain name......Page 161
3.6. The most adapted legal strategies......Page 162
3.7. Conclusion......Page 163
4.1. Introduction......Page 164
4.2. Definition and epistemological aspects......Page 165
4.3.1. Example of system within systems engineering......Page 169
4.3.2. The notion of system of systems......Page 171
4.3.3. Organizations’ constraints on systems of systems......Page 174
4.4.1. Designing an organization from the standpoint of systems engineering......Page 175
4.4.2. Social networks and multi-agent systems......Page 177
4.4.3. Wrap-up on the current human factor in systems engineering......Page 179
4.5.1. The organizations’ design from the standpoint of social sciences......Page 181
4.5.2. Informal and individual dimension within organizations......Page 188
4.5.3. Internal and external environment of organizations......Page 192
4.5.4. Professional, organizational and national cultures in organizations......Page 195
4.5.5. Sensemaking in organizations and mutual intelligibility......Page 201
4.5.6. Impacts of the introduction of information technologies within organizations......Page 205
4.5.7. Network-centric organizations......Page 206
4.6. Social sciences implemented within the context of systems of systems......Page 207
4.6.1. Impact of information technologies on network-centric operations......Page 208
4.6.2. Example of the network-centric operations conceptual framework......Page 210
4.6.3. Impact of network-centric operations: from technical to organizational interoperability......Page 213
4.7. Recognizable good practices in the field of organizations......Page 216
4.8. Conclusion......Page 217
4.10. Bibliography......Page 218
5.1. The dual context of omnipresent information and the commoditization of space......Page 222
5.2. The technical view: an interconnection of ground-based and space-borne systems......Page 224
5.2.1. Telecommunication and navigation satellite systems......Page 225
5.2.2. Space-borne remote sensing and observation systems......Page 227
5.3. Search for functionality and capacity......Page 228
5.4. A logic of exchange on an international scale......Page 229
5.4.1. The GEOSS program......Page 230
5.4.2. Necessary governance of the GEOSS program......Page 232
5.4.3. Capacity exchanges in the military field......Page 233
5.5. Conclusion......Page 235
5.6. Bibliography......Page 236
6.1.2. The systems in use......Page 237
6.1.3. An international approach......Page 239
6.2. ACTIF......Page 240
6.2.1. The ACTIF perimeter......Page 241
6.2.2. The ACTIF model......Page 243
6.3.2. Architecture approach......Page 244
6.3.3. Modeling......Page 246
6.5. Bibliography......Page 248
7.1. Introduction......Page 249
7.2. From capability challenges to the design of systems of systems......Page 250
7.3. Personal service, the main characteristic of systems within the healthcare field......Page 253
7.4. Coordination of the medical and paramedical agents, in hospitals and inprivate practices......Page 256
7.5.1. Information technologies in the healthcare field......Page 259
7.5.2. Interoperability in the healthcare field......Page 261
7.6. Difficulties encountered......Page 270
7.8. Acknowledgments......Page 272
7.9. Bibliography......Page 273
8.1.1. Challenges......Page 275
8.1.2. Structure of a vital infrastructure......Page 276
8.1.3. Hazards and threats......Page 279
8.2.1. Looking at the infrastructure in its entirety......Page 280
8.2.2. A structured, continuous approach......Page 282
8.2.3. Confidentiality......Page 283
8.2.5. Decision making......Page 284
8.2.6. Admissibility......Page 285
8.3.1. Proactivity, crisis management and resilience......Page 286
8.3.2. Early reduction of risk......Page 287
8.3.3. Electronic detection systems......Page 288
8.3.4. Plug and play......Page 292
8.3.5. Crisis management tools......Page 293
8.4. The human factor......Page 299
8.4.1. Monitoring......Page 300
8.4.2. The man-machine interface......Page 302
8.4.3. Training......Page 303
8.5. Conclusion......Page 304
9.1. Introduction......Page 305
9.2.1. Globalization: a concept with many meanings......Page 306
9.2.2. A long story......Page 307
9.2.3. The facilitating factors of globalization......Page 309
9.2.4. The necessity of a systemic standpoint......Page 311
9.2.5. The various dimensions of the “globalization? system of systems’ valuechain......Page 312
9.2.6. The utopia of a standardizing globalization......Page 316
9.2.7. The use of new systemic interpretations to understand the mechanisms ofglobalization......Page 317
9.3.1. Human-intensive systems......Page 323
9.3.2. Perverse effects and paradoxes......Page 324
9.4.1. New opportunities and new challenges......Page 326
9.4.2. Cultural factors......Page 328
9.4.3. Administrative factors......Page 329
9.5. Conclusion......Page 330
9.6. Appendix: a summary of the properties of nonlinear dynamic systems......Page 331
9.7. Bibliography......Page 332
PART 2 Systems of Systems Engineering,Methods, Standards and Tools......Page 334
10.1. Systems of systems engineering: from the control of complexity to the necessity of a model-driven approach......Page 335
10.2.1. Architecture: an ally of systems of systems......Page 338
10.2.2. Application examples: combat direction system within the naval aviation system of systems......Page 340
10.3.1. Reference architectures......Page 343
10.3.2. Two examples of architecture reference models......Page 346
10.3.3. Openness: an essential criterion......Page 348
10.4. Requirement traceability and engineering tools......Page 350
10.5. Reverse engineering and impact studies......Page 354
10.6. Distributed simulation tools for model engineering......Page 356
10.7. Global control of operational security via testability......Page 358
10.8.1. Integrated simulation-tests approach at the service of model-driven engineering......Page 364
10.8.2. VV&A and VV&C......Page 367
10.9.1. New technologies, new work methods, virtual teams......Page 369
10.9.2. Collaborative work environments for systems of systems engineering......Page 370
10.10. Conclusion......Page 372
10.11. Acknowledgements......Page 373
10.12. Bibliography......Page 374
11.1. General points......Page 375
11.2. A few definitions......Page 377
11.2.1. Modeling......Page 378
11.2.2. Metamodeling......Page 380
11.2.3. Simulation......Page 382
11.2.4. Interoperability......Page 384
11.2.5. Verification and validation......Page 386
11.3.1. The MDA conceptual framework......Page 390
11.3.2. MDA methodological framework......Page 393
11.3.3. Another instance of MDE: the DSL tools......Page 395
11.4.1. Issue faced by the DGA......Page 397
11.4.2. Feasibility study of the MDA approach......Page 398
11.4.3. Feasibility study of the MDE approach......Page 400
11.4.4. Feasibility study of the models’ capitalization and reuse......Page 403
11.5. Conclusion and perspectives......Page 404
11.6. Bibliography......Page 406
12.1. Introduction......Page 410
12.2. Example of the importance of standards in the interoperability of systems and systems of systems......Page 411
12.3. Standards used in the field of systems and systems of systems......Page 414
12.3.1. Business process modeling notation......Page 415
12.3.2. Business data exchange......Page 417
12.3.3. Descriptions and characteristics of systems, products and services......Page 418
12.3.4. Engineering processes......Page 433
12.3.5. Standards relative to the exchange of engineering data......Page 441
12.4. Application and adaptation of system engineering standards in the context of systems of systems......Page 444
12.5. Implementation of standards in the context of systems of systems......Page 449
12.8. Appendix A. Standard relative to business process modeling......Page 450
12.9. Appendix B. Standard relative to the Web services business process execution language......Page 454
12.10. Appendix C. Ontology definition metamodel specification......Page 455
12.11. Appendix D. UML profile for DoDAF/MODAF USA Department of Defense and UK Ministry of Defense Architecture Framework......Page 457
12.12. Appendix E. Standard relative to software-intensive systems architecture......Page 462
12.13. Appendix F. Unified modeling language......Page 465
12.14. Appendix G. Systems modeling language......Page 468
12.15. Appendix H. Good practices of IT service management, ITIL......Page 472
12.16. Appendix I. Standard relative to IT services management......Page 475
12.18. Appendix J.1. Standard ISO 9126, part 1, quality model......Page 477
12.20. Appendix K. Standard on software product quality requirements and evaluation......Page 479
12.21. Appendix L. Standard on the common criteria for IT security evaluation......Page 480
12.22. Appendix M. Standard relative to a system’s life cycle process......Page 484
12.23. Appendix N. Standard relative to the processes for engineering a system......Page 493
12.24. Appendix O. Standard for the application and management of the systems engineering process......Page 498
12.25. Appendix P. Standard relative to software life cycle processes......Page 505
12.26. Appendix Q. Standard relative to software measurement process......Page 510
12.27. Appendix R. Standard relative to software product evaluation......Page 511
12.28. Appendix S. Standard on systems engineering, product and design data exchange......Page 515
12.29. Appendix T. Standard on the exchange of product model data, products life cycle support......Page 518
12.30. Bibliography......Page 521
Evolutions and stakes......Page 524
Bibliography......Page 528
List of Authors......Page 529
Index......Page 531