Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology for Production of Nutraceuticals

Contents
Chapter 1: Nutraceuticals Definition, Kinds and Applications
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Nutraceutical Definition
	1.3 Functionality-Based Different Kinds of Nutraceuticals
	1.4 Applications of Important Typical Nutraceuticals
	1.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 2: Construction of Microbial Cell Factories by Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology
	2.1 Design, Construction and Optimization of Metabolic Pathways for Bio-Chemicals Synthesis
		2.1.1 The Host Strain Selection and Synthesis Pathways Design
			2.1.1.1 Host Strain Selection
			2.1.1.2 Synthesis Pathways Design
		2.1.2 Construction of Biological Synthesis Pathways
			2.1.2.1 Golden Gate Assembly
			2.1.2.2 Gibson Assembly
		2.1.3 Scaffold-Guided Spatial Organization Pathway Engineering
			2.1.3.1 DNA Scaffold
			2.1.3.2 RNA Scaffold
			2.1.3.3 Protein Scaffold
	2.2 Optimization and Regulation of Metabolic Network
		2.2.1 Modular Metabolic Engineering
			2.2.1.1 Copy Number
			2.2.1.2 Transcription and Translation Strength
			2.2.1.3 Synthetic Tools for Modular Regulation
		2.2.2 Dynamic Regulation
			2.2.2.1 Transcription Level
			2.2.2.2 Post-transcription Level
			2.2.2.3 Protein Level
	2.3 Application of Systems Biology
		2.3.1 Omics
			2.3.1.1 Identification of Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways
			2.3.1.2 Optimization of Metabolic Pathways
			2.3.1.3 Analysis of the Genome
		2.3.2 Application of Genomics-Based Metabolic Model
			2.3.2.1 Prediction of Metabolic Ppathways
			2.3.2.2 Optimization of Metabolic Pathways
			2.3.2.3 Screening of Potential Dominant Hosts
		2.3.3 Genome-Scale Engineering Tools
	2.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Chapter 3: Microbial Production of Functional Organic Acids
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Citric Acid
		3.2.1 Enhanced Citric Acid Production in Aspergillus niger
		3.2.2 Citric Acid Production by Yeast
	3.3 Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid
		3.3.1 α-KG Production by Microbial Fermentation
		3.3.2 α-KG Production by Biotransformation
		3.3.3 Use of Metabolic Engineering and Other Novel Methods to Improve α-KG Production
	3.4 Succinic Acid
		3.4.1 Succinic Acid Production by Actinobacillus succinogenes
		3.4.2 Exploring Succinic Acid Production by Engineered Yeast
		3.4.3 Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for Succinic Acid Production
	3.5 Malic Acid
		3.5.1 Engineering Cytosolic rTCA Pathway and Transporter for Malic Acid Production
		3.5.2 Malic Acid Production by Engineering One-Step Pathway
		3.5.3 Formation of Malic Acid by Hydrolysis of PMA
		3.5.4 Production of Malic Acid from Low-Value Feedstock
	3.6 Other Organic Acids
		3.6.1 Lactic Acid
		3.6.2 Butyric Acid
		3.6.3 Gluconic Acid
	3.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Microbial Production of Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides
	4.1 Glucosamine and N-Acetylglucosamine
	4.2 Heparin
	4.3 Chondroitin Sulfate
	4.4 Hyaluronic Acid
	4.5 Human Milk Oligosaccharides
	4.6 Chitin Oligosaccharides
	4.7 Xanthan Gum
	4.8 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 5: Microbial Production of Flavonoids
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Overview of Flavonoids
	5.3 Health Promoting Characteristics of Flavonoids
	5.4 Significance of Microbial Production
	5.5 Biosynthesis of Flavonoids
	5.6 Current and Emerging Techniques in Microbial Production of Flavonoids
	5.7 Selecting a Production Platform
		5.7.1 Escherichia coli
		5.7.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae
	5.8 Carbon Flux Manipulation Towards Heterologous Production Pathways
		5.8.1 Rational Design
		5.8.2 Computational Tools
		5.8.3 Protein Engineering
	5.9 Producing Non-natural Derivatives of Flavonoids
	5.10 Commentary on Future Trends
	References
Chapter 6: Microbial Production of Natural Food Colorants
	6.1 Carotenoids
		6.1.1 Biosynthesis Pathway
		6.1.2 Fermentation & Production
			6.1.2.1 Microalgae
			6.1.2.2 Fungi (Yeast)
			6.1.2.3 Bacteria
		6.1.3 Function and Application
	6.2 Lycopene
		6.2.1 Metabolic Pathways for Producing Lycopene
		6.2.2 Metabolic Regulation for Lycopene Production
	6.3 Anthocyanins
		6.3.1 Heterologous Expression of Plant-Derived Enzymes
		6.3.2 Regulation of Co-factor/Co-substrate Supply
		6.3.3 Construction of Specific Transporters
		6.3.4 Optimization of Culture Conditions
	6.4 Monascus Pigments
		6.4.1 Biosynthetic Pathway
		6.4.2 Fermentation & Production
			6.4.2.1 Fermentation Mode
			6.4.2.2 Key Factors for the Production of Monascus Pigments
		6.4.3 Function & Application
	6.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
Chapter 7: Microbial Production of Vitamins
	7.1 Water-Soluble Vitamin
		7.1.1 Vitamin B12
			7.1.1.1 Structure and Functions of Vitamin B12
			7.1.1.2 Metabolic Pathways of Vitamin B12
		7.1.2 Folates Acid
			7.1.2.1 Structure and Functions of Folates Acid
			7.1.2.2 Metabolic Pathways of Folates Acid
		7.1.3 Vitamin B1
			7.1.3.1 Structure and Functions of Vitamin B1
			7.1.3.2 Production, Advantage and Disadvantage
			7.1.3.3 Biosynthesis and Regulation
	7.2 Fat-Soluble Vitamin
		7.2.1 Vitamin A
			7.2.1.1 Structure and Functions
			7.2.1.2 Development of Vitamin A Synthesis
		7.2.2 Vitamin D
			7.2.2.1 Structure and Functions of Vitamin D
			7.2.2.2 Development of Vitamin D
		7.2.3 Vitamin E
			7.2.3.1 Structure and Functions of Vitamin E
			7.2.3.2 Metabolic Pathways of Vitamin E
		7.2.4 Vitamin K
			7.2.4.1 Structure and Functions of Vitamin K
			7.2.4.2 Metabolic Pathways of Vitamin K1
			7.2.4.3 Development of Vitamin K2
	7.3 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Chapter 8: Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology for the Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Systems Biotechnology for PUFA Production
		8.2.1 Omega-6 PUFAs
		8.2.2 Omega-3 PUFAs
	8.3 Synthetic Biotechnology for PUFA Production
		8.3.1 Omega-6 PUFAs
		8.3.2 Omega-3 PUFAs
	8.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook
	References
Chapter 9: Microbial Production of Nutraceuticals: Challenges and Prospects
	References