Systems analysis and design methods

Tittle
Contents
PAET ONE The Context of Systems Development Projects
	1 THE CONTEXT OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS
		Introduction
		A Framework for Systems Analysis and Design
		The Players—System Stakeholders
			Systems Owners
			Systems Users
			Systems Designers
			Systems Builders
			Systems Analysts
			External Service Providers
			The Project Manager
		Business Drivers for Today’s Information Systems
			Globalization of the Economy
			Electronic Commerce and Business
			Security and Privacy
			Collaboration and Partnership
			Knowledge Asset Management
			Continuous Improvement and Total Quality Management
			Business Process Redesign
		Technology Drivers for Today’s Information Systems
			Networks and the Internet
			Mobile and Wireless Technologies
			Object Technologies
			Collaborative Technologies
			Enterprise Applications
		A Simple System Development Process
			System Initiation
			System Analysis
			System Design
			System Implementation
			System Support and Continuous Improvement
	2 INFORMATION SYSTEM BUILDING BLOCKS
		Introduction
		The Product—Information Systems
		A Framework for Information Systems Architecture
			KNOWLEDGE Building Blocks
			PROCESS Building Blocks
			COMMUNICATIONS Building Blocks
		Network Technologies and the IS Building Blocks
	3 INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
		Introduction
		The Process of Systems Development
			The Capability Maturity Model
			Life Cycle versus Methodology
			Underlying Principles for Systems Development
		A Systems Development Process
			Where Do Systems Development Projects Come From?
			The FAST Project Phases
			Cross Life-Cycle Activities
			Sequential versus Iterative Development
		Alternative Routes and Strategies
			The Model-Driven Development Strategy
			The Rapid Application Development Strategy
			The Commercial Application Package Implementation Strategy
			Hybrid Strategies
			System Maintenance
		Automated Tools and Technology
			Computer-Assisted Systems Engineering
			Application Development Environments
			Process and Project Managers
	4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT
		Introduction
		What Is Project Management?
			The Causes of Failed Projects
			The Project Management Body of Knowledge
		The Project Management Life Cycle
			Activity 1—Negotiate Scope
			Activity 2—Identify Tasks
			Activity 3—Estimate Task Durations
			Activity 4—Specify Intertask Dependencies
			Activity 5—Assign Resources
			Activity 6—Direct the Team Effort
			Activity 7—Monitor and Control Progress
			Activity 8—Assess Project Results and Experiences
PART TWO Systems Analysis Methods
	5 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
		Introduction
		What Is Systems Analysis?
		Systems Analysis Approaches
			Model-Driven Analysis Approaches
			Accelerated Systems Analysis Approaches
			Requirements Discovery Methods
			Business Process Redesign Methods
			FAST Systems Analysis Strategies
		The Scope Definition Phase
			Task 1.1—Identify Baseline Problems and Opportunities
			Task 1.2—Negotiate Baseline Scope
			Task 1.3—Assess Baseline Project Worthiness
			Task 1.4—Develop Baseline Schedule and Budget
			Task 1.5—Communicate the Project Plan
		The Problem Analysis Phase
			Task 2.1—Understand the Problem Domain
			Task 2.2—Analyze Problems and Opportunities
			Task 2.3—Analyze Business Processes
			Task 2.4—Establish System Improvement Objectives
			Task 2.5—Update or Refine the Project Plan
			Task 2.6—Communicate Findings and Recommendations
		The Requirements Analysis Phase
			Task 3.1—Identify and Express System Requirements
			Task 3.2—Prioritize System Requirements
			Task 3.3—Update or Refine the Project Plan
			Task 3.4—Communicate the Requirements Statement
			Ongoing Requirements Management
		The Logical Design Phase
			Task 4.1a—Structure Functional Requirements
			Task 4.1b—Prototype Functional Requirements (alternative)
			Task 4.2—Validate Functional Requirements
			Task 4.3—Define Acceptance Test Cases
		The Decision Analysis Phase
			Task 5.1—Identify Candidate Solutions
			Task 5.2—Analyze Candidate Solutions
			Task 5.3—Compare Candidate Solutions
			Task 5.4—Update the Project Plan
			Task 5.5—Recommend a System Solution
	6 FACT-FINDING TECHNIQUES FOR REQUIREMENTS DISCOVERY
		Introduction
		An Introduction to Requirements Discovery
		The Process of Requirements Discovery
			Problem Discovery and Analysis
			Requirements Discovery
			Documenting and Analyzing Requirements
			Requirements Management
		Fact-Finding Techniques
			Sampling of Existing Documentation, Forms, and Files
			Research and Site Visits
			Observation of the Work Environment
			Questionnaires
			Interviews
			How to Conduct an Interview
			Discovery Prototyping
			Joint Requirements Planning
		A Fact-Finding Strategy
	7 MODELING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS WITH USE CASES
		Introduction
		An Introduction to Use-Case Modeling
		System Concepts for Use-Case Modeling
			Use Cases
			Actors
			Relationships
		The Process of Requirements Use-Case Modeling
			Step 1: Identify Business Actors
			Step 2: Identify Business Requirements Use Cases
			Step 3: Construct Use-Case Model Diagram
			Step 4: Document Business Requirements Use-Case Narratives
		Use Cases and Project Management
			Ranking and Evaluating Use Cases
			Identifying Use-Case Dependencies
	8 DATA MODELING AND ANALYSIS
		Introduction
		What Is Data Modeling?
		System Concepts for Data Modeling
			Entities
			Attributes
			Relationships
		The Process of Logical Data Modeling
			Strategic Data Modeling
			Data Modeling during Systems Analysis
			Looking Ahead to Systems Design
			Automated Tools for Data Modeling
		How to Construct Data Models
			Entity Discovery
			The Context Data Model
			The Key-Based Data Model
			Generalized Hierarchies
			The Fully Attributed Data Model
		Analyzing the Data Model
			What Is a Good Data Model?
			Data Analysis
			Normalization Example
		Mapping Data Requirements to Locations
	9 PROCESS MODELING
		Introduction
		An Introduction to Process Modeling
		System Concepts for Process Modeling
			External Agents
			Data Stores
			Process Concepts
			Data Flows
		The Process of Logical Process Modeling
			Strategic Systems Planning
			Process Modeling for Business Process Redesign
			Process Modeling during Systems Analysis
			Looking Ahead to Systems Design
			Fact-Finding and Information Gathering for Process Modeling
			Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) for Process Modeling
		How to Construct Process Models
			The Context Data Flow Diagram
			The Functional Decomposition Diagram
			The Event-Response or Use-Case List
			Event Decomposition Diagrams
			Event Diagrams
			The System Diagram(s)
			Primitive Diagrams
			Completing the Specification
		Synchronizing of System Models
			Data and Process Model Synchronization
			Process Distribution
	10 OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND MODELING USING THE UML
		An Introduction to Object-Oriented Modeling
		History of Object Modeling
		System Concepts for Object Modeling
			Objects, Attributes, Methods, and Encapsulation
			Classes, Generalization, and Specialization
			Object/Class Relationships
			Messages and Message Sending
			Polymorphism
		The UML Diagrams
		The Process of Object Modeling
			Modeling the Functional Description of the System
			Constructing the Analysis Use-Case Model
			Modeling the Use-Case Activities
			Guidelines for Constructing Activity Diagrams
			Drawing System Sequence Diagrams
			Guidelines for Constructing System Sequence Diagrams
			Finding and Identifying the Business Objects
			Organizing the Objects and Identifying Their Relationships
	11 FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS AND THE SYSTEM PROPOSAL
		Introduction
		Feasibility Analysis and the System Proposal
			Feasibility Analysis—A Creeping Commitment Approach
			Systems Analysis—Scope Definition Checkpoint
			Systems Analysis—Problem Analysis Checkpoint
			Systems Design—Decision Analysis Checkpoint
		Six Tests for Feasibility
			Operational Feasibility
			Cultural (or Political) Feasibility
			Technical Feasibility
			Schedule Feasibility
			Economic Feasibility
			Legal Feasibility
			The Bottom Line
		Cost-Benefit Analysis Techniques
			How Much Will the System Cost?
			What Benefits Will the System Provide?
			Is the Proposed System Cost-Effective?
		Feasibility Analysis of Candidate Systems
			Candidate Systems Matrix
			Feasibility Analysis Matrix
		The System Proposal
			Written Report
			Formal Presentation
PA R T T H R E E Systems Design Methods
	12 SYSTEMS DESIGN
		Introduction
		What Is Systems Design?
		Systems Design Approaches
			Model-Driven Approaches
			Rapid Application Development
			FAST Systems Design Strategies
		Systems Design for In-House Development—The “Build” Solution
			Task 5.1—Design the Application Architecture
			Task 5.2—Design the System Database(s)
			Task 5.3—Design the System Interface
			Task 5.4—Package Design Specifications
			Task 5.5—Update the Project Plan
		Systems Design for Integrating Commercial Software—The “Buy” Solution
			Task 4.1—Research Technical Criteria and Options
			Task 4.2—Solicit Proposals or Quotes from Vendors
			Task 5A.1—Validate Vendor Claims and Performances
			Task 5A.2—Evaluate and Rank Vendor Proposals
			Task 5A.3—Award (or Let) Contract and Debrief Vendors
			Impact of Buy Decision on Remaining Life-Cycle Phases
	13 APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE AND MODELING
		Introduction
		Application Architecture
		Physical Data Flow Diagrams
			Physical Processes
			Physical Data Flows
			Physical External Agents
			Physical Data Stores
		Information Technology Architecture
			Distributed Systems
			Data Architectures—Distributed Relational Databases
			Interface Architectures—Inputs, Outputs, and Middleware
			Process Architectures—The Software Development Environment
		Application Architecture Strategies for Systems Design
			The Enterprise Application Architecture Strategy
			The Tactical Application Architecture Strategy
		Modeling the Application Architecture of an Information System
			Drawing Physical Data Flow Diagrams
			Prerequisites
			The Network Architecture
			Data Distribution and Technology Assignments
			Process Distribution and Technology Assignments
			The Person/Machine Boundaries
	14 DATABASE DESIGN
		Introduction
		Conventional Files versus the Database
			The Pros and Cons of Conventional Files
			The Pros and Cons of Databases
		Database Concepts for the Systems Analyst
			Fields
			Records
			Files and Tables
			Databases
		Prerequisite for Database Design— Normalization
		Conventional File Design
		Modern Database Design
			Goals and Prerequisites to Database Design
			The Database Schema
			Data and Referential Integrity
			Roles
			Database Distribution and Replication
			Database Prototypes
			Database Capacity Planning
			Database Structure Generation
	15 OUTPUT DESIGN AND PROTOTYPING
		Introduction
		Output Design Concepts and Guidelines
			Distribution and Audience of Outputs
			Implementation Methods for Outputs
		How to Design and Prototype Outputs
			Automated Tools for Output Design and Prototyping
			Output Design Guidelines
			The Output Design Process
			Web-Based Outputs and E-Business
	16 INPUT DESIGN AND PROTOTYPING
		Introduction
		Input Design Concepts and Guidelines
			Data Capture, Data Entry, and Data Processing
			Input Methods and Implementation
			System User Issues for Input Design
			Internal Controls—Data Editing for Inputs
		GUI Controls for Input Design
			Common GUI Controls for Inputs
			Advanced Input Controls
		How to Design and Prototype Inputs
			Automated Tools for Input Design and Prototyping
			The Input Design Process
			Web-Based Inputs and E-Business
	17 USER INTERFACE DESIGN
		Introduction
		User Interface Design Concepts and Guidelines
			Types of Computer Users
			Human Factors
			Human Engineering Guidelines
			Dialogue Tone and Terminology
		User Interface Technology
			Operating Systems and Web Browsers
			Display Monitor
			Keyboards and Pointers
		Graphical User Interface Styles and Considerations
			Windows and Frames
			Menu-Driven Interfaces
			Instruction-Driven Interfaces
			Question-Answer Dialogues
			Special Considerations for User Interface Design
		How to Design and Prototype a User Interface
			Automated Tools for User Interface Design and Prototyping
			The User Interface Design Process
	18 OBJECT-ORIENTED DESIGN AND MODELING USING THE UML
		Introduction
		The Design of an Object-Oriented System
			Entity Classes
			Interface Classes
			Control Classes
			Persistence Classes
			System Classes
			Design Relationships
			Attribute and Method Visibility
			Object Responsibilities
		The Process of Object Design
			Refining the Use-Case Model
			Modeling Class Interactions, Behaviors, and States That Support the Use-Case Scenario
			Updating the Object Model to Reflect the Implementation Environment
		Object Reusability and Design Patterns
		Design Patterns
			The Strategy Pattern
			The Adapter Pattern
			Object Frameworks and Components
		Additional UML Design and Implementation Diagrams
PART FOUR Beyond Systems Analysis and Design
	19 SYSTEMS CONSTRUCTION AND IMPLEMENTATION
		Introduction
		What Is Systems Construction and Implementation?
		The Construction Phase
			Task 6.1—Build and Test Networks (if Necessary)
			Task 6.2—Build and Test Databases
			Task 6.3—Install and Test New Software Packages (if Necessary)
			Task 6.4—Write and Test New Programs
		The Implementation Phase
			Task 7.1—Conduct System Test
			Task 7.2—Prepare Conversion Plan
			Task 7.3—Install Databases
			Task 7.4—Train Users
			Task 7.5—Convert to New System
	20 SYSTEMS OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT
		Introduction
		The Context of Systems Operation and Support
		System Maintenance
			Task 8.1.1—Validate the Problem
			Task 8.1.2—Benchmark Program
			Task 8.1.3—Study and Debug the Program
			Task 8.1.4—Test the Program
		System Recovery
		Technical Support
		System Enhancement
			Task 8.4.1—Analyze Enhancement Request
			Task 8.4.2—Make the Quick Fix
			Task 8.4.3—Recover Existing Physical System
		System Obsolescence
Photo Credits
Glossary/Index