Systems Analysis and Design, Global Edition

Cover
Contents
Part I Systems Analysis Fundamentals
1 Systems, Roles, and Development Methodologies
	Need for Systems Analysis and Design
	Roles of a Systems Analyst
	Systems Analyst as Consultant
	Systems Analyst as Supporting Expert
	Consulting Opportunity 1.1 Healthy Hiring: Ecommerce Help Wanted
	Systems Analyst as Agent of Change
	Qualities of a Systems Analyst
	The Systems Development Life Cycle
	Incorporating Human–Computer Interaction Considerations
	Identifying Problems,Opportunities, and Objectives
	Determining Human Information Requirements
	Analyzing System Needs
	Mac Appeal
	Designing the Recommended System
	Developing and Documenting Software
	Testing and Maintaining the System
	Implementing and Evaluating the System
	The Impact of Maintenance
	Using Case Tools
	The Agile Approach
	Developmental Process for an Agile Project
	Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design
	Choosing Which Systems Development Method to Use
	Developing Open Source Software
	Why Organizations Participate in Open Source Communities
	The Role of the Analyst in Open Source Software
	Hypercase® Experience 1
	Summary
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Selected Bibliography
2 Understanding and Modeling Organizational Systems
	Organizations as Systems
	Interrelatedness and Interdependence of Systems
	Consulting Opportunity 2.1 The E in Vitamin E Stands for Ecommerce
	Virtual Organizations and Virtual Teams
	Taking a Systems Perspective
	Enterprise Systems: Viewing the Organization as a System
	Depicting Systems Graphically
	Systems and the Context-Level Data Flow Diagram
	Systems and the Entity-Relationship Model
	Use Case Modeling
	Mac Appeal
	Use Case Symbols
	Use Case Relationships
	Developing System Scope
	Developing Use Case Diagrams
	Developing Use Case Scenarios
	Use Case Levels
	Creating Use Case Descriptions
	Why Use Case Diagrams Are Helpful
	Levels of Management
	Consulting Opportunity 2.2 Where There’s Carbon, There’s a Copy
	Consulting Opportunity 2.3 Pyramid Power
	Implications for Information Systems Development
	Organizational Culture
	Hypercase® Experience 2
	Summary
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Problems
	Group Projects
	Selected Bibliography
3 Project Management
	Project Initiation
	Problems in an Organization
	Defining the Problem
	Consulting Opportunity 3.1 The Sweetest Sound I’ve Ever Sipped
	Selection of Projects
	Determining Feasibility
	Determining Whether It Is Possible
	Estimating Workloads
	Ascertaining Hardware and Software Needs
	Inventorying Computer Hardware
	Evaluating Computer Hardware for Purchase
	Renting Time and Space in the Cloud
	Evaluation of Vendor Support for Computer Hardware
	Understanding the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) Option
	Creating Custom Software
	Purchasing Cots Software
	Consulting Opportunity 3.2 Veni, Vidi, Vendi, or, “I Came, I Saw, I Sold”
	Using the Services of a SaaS Provider
	Evaluation of Vendor Support for Software and SaaS
	Identifying, Forecasting, and Comparing Costs and Benefits
	Forecasting
	Consulting Opportunity 3.3 We’re Off to See the Wizards
	Identifying Benefits and Costs
	Comparing Costs and Benefits
	Managing Time and Activities
	The Work Breakdown Structure
	Time Estimation Techniques
	Project Scheduling
	Consulting Opportunity 3.4 Food for Thought
	Using Gantt Charts for Project Scheduling
	Using Pert Diagrams
	Controlling a Project
	Estimating Costs and Preparing the Budget
	Mac Appeal
	Managing Risk
	Managing Time Using Expediting
	Controlling Costs Using Earned Value Management
	Managing the Project Team
	Assembling a Team
	Communication Strategies for Managing Teams
	Hypercase® Experience 3.1
	Setting Project Productivity Goals
	Consulting Opportunity 3.5 Goal Tending
	Motivating Project Team Members
	Managing Ecommerce Projects
	Creating a Project Charter
	The Systems Proposal
	What to Include in a Systems Proposal
	Using Figures for Effective Communication
	Hypercase® Experience 3.2
	Summary
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Problems
	Group Projects
	Selected Bibliography
Part II Information Requirements Analysis
4 Information Gathering: Interactive Methods
	Interviewing
	Five Steps in Interview Preparation
	Question Types
	Arranging Questions in a Logical Sequence
	Consulting Opportunity 4.1 Strengthening Your Question Types
	Writing the Interview Report
	Listening to Stories
	Consulting Opportunity 4.2 Skimming the Surface
	Joint Application Design
	Conditions That Support the Use of Jad
	Who Is Involved?
	Where to Hold JAD Meetings
	Hypercase® Experience 4.1
	Accomplishing a Structured Analysis of Project Activities
	Potential Benefits of Using JAD in Place of Traditional Interviewing
	Potential Drawbacks of Using JAD
	Using Questionnaires
	Consulting Opportunity 4.3 A Systems Analyst, I Presume?
	Planning for the Use of Questionnaires
	Writing Questions
	Using Scalesin Questionnaires
	Consulting Opportunity 4.4 The Unbearable Questionnaire
	Designing Questionnaires
	Administering Questionnaires
	Consulting Opportunity 4.5 Order in the Courts
	Hypercase® Experience 4.2
	Summary
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Problems
	Group Projects
	Selected Bibliography
5 Information Gathering: Unobtrusive Methods
	Sampling
	The Need for Sampling
	Sampling Design
	The Sample Size Decision
	Consulting Opportunity 5.1 Trapping a Sample
	Investigation
	Analyzing Quantitative Documents
	Consulting Opportunity 5.2 A Rose by Any Other Name . . . Or Quality, Not Quantities
	Analyzing Qualitative Documents
	Hypercase® Experience 5.1
	Observing a Decision Maker’s Behavior
	Observing a Typical Manager’s Decision-Making Activities
	Observing the Physical Environment
	Structured Observation of the Environment (STROBE)
	Applying Strobe
	Mac Appeal
	Summary
	Hypercase® Experience 5.2
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Problems
	Group Projects
	Selected Bibliography
6 Agile Modeling and Prototyping
	Prototyping
	Kinds of Prototypes
	Consulting Opportunity 6.1 Is Prototyping King?
	Prototyping as an Alternative to the SDLC
	Developing a Prototype
	Guidelines for Developing a Prototype
	Consulting Opportunity 6.2 Clearing the Way for Customer Links
	Disadvantages of Prototyping
	Advantages of Prototyping
	Prototyping Using Cots Software
	The Users’ Role in Prototyping
	Agile Modeling
	Values and Principles of Agile Modeling
	Consulting Opportunity 6.3 To Hatch a Fish
	Activities, Resources, and Practices of Agile Modeling
	Consulting Opportunity 6.4 This Prototype Is All Wet
	The Agile Development Process
	Lessons Learned from Agile Modeling
	Comparing Agile Modeling and Structured Methods
	Improving Efficiency in Knowledge Work: SDLC Versus Agile
	Mac Appeal
	Risks Inherent in Organizational Innovation
	Hypercase® Experience 6
	Summary
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Problems
	Group Projects
	Selected Bibliography
Part III The Analysis Process
7 Using Data Flow Diagrams
	The Data Flow Approach to Human Requirements Determination
	Advantages of the Data Flow Approach
	Conventions Used in Data Flow Diagrams
	Developing Data Flow Diagrams
	Creating the Context Diagram
	Drawing Diagram 0 (The Next Level)
	Creating Child Diagrams (More Detailed Levels)
	Checking Diagrams for Errors
	Logical and Physical Data Flow Diagrams
	Developing Logical Data Flow Diagrams
	Developing Physical Data Flow Diagrams
	Partitioning Data Flow Diagrams
	A Data Flow Diagram Example
	Developing the List of Business Activities
	Creating a Context-Level Data Flow Diagram
	Drawing Diagram 0
	Creating a Child Diagram
	Creating a Physical Data Flow Diagram from the Logical DFD
	Partitioning the Physical DFD
	Partitioning Websites
	Communicating Using Data Flow Diagrams
	Consulting Opportunity 7.1 There’s No Business Like Flow Business
	Hypercase® Experience 7
	Summary
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Problems
	Group Projects
	Selected Bibliography
8 Analyzing Systems Using Data Dictionaries
	The Data Dictionary
	Need for Understanding the Data Dictionary
	The Data Repository
	Defining the Data Flows
	Describing Data Structures
	Logical and Physical Data Structures
	Data Elements
	Data Stores
	Creating a Data Dictionary
	Consulting Opportunity 8.1 Want to Make It Big in the Theatre? Improve Your Diction(ary)!
	Analyzing Input and Output
	Developing Data Stores
	Using a Data Dictionary
	Using Data Dictionaries to Create XML
	XML Document Type Definitions
	XML Schemas
	Hypercase® Experience 8
	Summary
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Problems
	Group Projects
	Selected Bibliography
9 Process Specifications and Structured Decisions
	Consulting Opportunity 9.1 Kit Chen Kaboodle, Inc.
	Overview of Process Specifications
	Process Specification Format
	Structured English
	Writing Structured English
	Consulting Opportunity 9.2 Kneading Structure
	Data Dictionary and Process Specifications
	Decision Tables
	Developing Decision Tables
	Consulting Opportunity 9.3 Saving a Cent on Citron Car Rental
	Checking for Completeness and Accuracy
	Decision Trees
	Drawing Decision Trees
	Consulting Opportunity 9.4 A Tree for Free
	Choosing a Structured Decision Analysis Technique
	Hypercase® Experience 9
	Summary
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Problems
	Group Projects
	Selected Bibliography
10 Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design Using UML
	Object-Oriented Concepts
	Objects
	Classes
	Inheritance
	Consulting Opportunity 10.1 Around the World in 80 Objects
	CRC Cards and Object Think
	Interacting During a CRC Session
	Unified Modeling Language (UML) Concepts and Diagrams
	Use Case Modeling
	Activity Diagrams
	Creating Activity Diagrams
	Consulting Opportunity 10.2 Recycling the Programming Environment
	Repository Entries for an Activity Diagram
	Sequence and Communication Diagrams
	Sequence Diagrams
	Communication Diagrams
	Class Diagrams
	Method Overloading
	Types of Classes
	Defining Messages and Methods
	Enhancing Sequence Diagrams
	A Class Example for the Web
	Presentation, Business, and Persistence Layersin Sequence Diagrams
	Enhancing Class Diagrams
	Relationships
	Generalization/Specialization (Gen/Spec) Diagrams
	Statechart Diagrams
	A State Transition Example
	Packages and Other UML Artifacts
	Consulting Opportunity 10.3 Developing a Fine System That Was Long Overdue: Using Object-Oriented Analysis for the Ruminski Public Library System
	Putting UML to Work
	Consulting Opportunity 10.4 C-Shore++
	The Importance of Using UML for Modeling
	Hypercase® Experience 10
	Summary
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Problems
	Selected Bibliography
Part IV The Essentials of Design
11 Designing Effective Output
	Output Design Objectives
	Designing Output to Serve the Intended Purpose
	Designing Output to Fit the User
	Delivering the Appropriate Quantity of Output
	Making Sure the Output Is Where It Is Needed
	Providing Output on Time
	Choosing the Right Output Method
	Relating Output Content to Output Method
	Output Technologies
	Factors to Consider When Choosing Output Technology
	Consulting Opportunity 11.1 Your Cage or Mine?
	Consulting Opportunity 11.2 A Right Way, a Wrong Way, and a Subway
	Realizing How Output Bias Affects Users
	Recognizing Bias in the Way Output Is Used
	Consulting Opportunity 11.3 Should This Chart Be Barred?
	Avoiding Bias in the Design of Output
	Designing Printed Output
	Designing Output for Displays
	Guidelines for Display Design
	Using Graphical Output in Screen Design
	Dashboards
	Widgets and Gadgets—Changing the Desktop Metaphor
	Designing a Website
	General Guidelines for Designing Websites
	Consulting Opportunity 11.4 Is Your Work a Grind?
	Specific Guidelines for Website Design
	Mac Appeal
	Web 2.0 Technologies and Social Media Design
	Consulting Opportunity 11.5 A Field Day
	Designing Apps for Smartphones and Tablets
	Mac Appeal
	Set Up a Developer Account
	Choose a Development Process
	Be an Original
	Determine How You Will Price the App
	Follow the Rules
	Design Your Icon
	Choose an Appropriate Name for the App
	Design for a Variety of Devices
	Design the Output for the App
	Design the Output a Second Time for a Different Orientation
	Design the App’s Logic
	Create the User Interface Using Gestures
	Protect Your Intellectual Property
	Market Your App
	Output Production and XML
	Ajax
	Hypercase® Experience 11
	Summary
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Problems
	Group Projects
	Selected Bibliography
12 Designing Effective Input
	Good Form Design
	Making Forms Easy to Fill In
	Meeting the Intended Purpose
	Ensuring Accurate Completion
	Keeping Forms Attractive
	Controlling Business Forms
	Good Display and Web Forms Design
	Keeping the Display Simple
	Keeping the Display Consistent
	Facilitating Movement
	Designing an Attractive and Pleasing Display
	Using Icons in Display Design
	Consulting Opportunity 12.1 This Form May Be Hazardousto Your Health
	Consulting Opportunity 12.2 Squeezin’ Isn’t Pleasin’
	Graphical User Interface Design
	Form Controls and Values
	Hidden Fields
	Event-Response Charts
	Dynamic Web Pages
	Three-Dimensional Web Pages
	Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)
	Using Color in Display Design
	Website Design
	Mac Appeal
	Hypercase® Experience 12
	Summary
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Problems
	Group Projects
	Selected Bibliography
13 Designing Databases
	Consulting Opportunity 13.1 Hitch Your Cleaning Cart to a Star
	Databases
	Data Concepts
	Reality, Data, and Metadata
	Files
	Relational Databases
	Normalization
	The Three Steps of Normalization
	A Normalization Example
	Usingan Entity-Relationship Diagram to Determine Record Keys
	One-to-Many Relationships
	Many-to-Many Relationships
	Guidelines for Master File/Database Relation Design
	Integrity Constraints
	Mac Appeal
	Anomalies
	Making Use of a Database
	Steps in Retrieving and Presenting Data
	Denormalization
	Data Warehouses
	Consulting Opportunity 13.2 Storing Minerals for Health, Data for Mining
	Online Analytical Processing
	Data Mining
	Business Intelligence (BI)
	Consulting Opportunity 13.3 Losing Prospects
	Text Analytics
	Hypercase® Experience 13
	Summary
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Problems
	Group Projects
	Selected Bibliography
14 Human–Computer Interaction
	Understanding Human–Computer Interaction
	How Fit Affects Performance and Well-Being
	Usability
	Designing for the Cognitive Styles of Individual Users
	Physical Considerationsin HCI Design
	Considering Human Limitations, Disabilities, and Design
	Implementing Good HCI Practices
	Consulting Opportunity 14.1 School Spirit Comes in Many Sizes
	Types of User Interface
	Consulting Opportunity 14.2 I’d Rather Do It Myself
	Natural-Language Interfaces
	Question-and-Answer Interfaces
	Menus
	Form-Fill Interfaces
	Choosing and Evaluating Interfaces
	Consulting Opportunity 14.3 Don’t Slow Me Down
	Designing Interfaces For Smartphones And Tablets
	Gestures
	Alerts, Notices, and Queries
	Badges
	Voice Recognition
	Guidelines For Dialog Design
	Meaningful Communication
	Minimal User Action
	Consulting Opportunity 14.4 Waiting to Be Fed
	Standard Operation and Consistency
	Feedback For Users
	Types of Feedback
	Including Feedback in Design
	Special Design Considerations For Ecommerce
	Soliciting Feedback from Ecommerce Website Customers
	Consulting Opportunity 14.5 When You Run a Marathon, It Helpsto Know Where You’re Going
	Mac Appeal
	Easy Navigation for Ecommerce Websites
	Mashups
	Designing Queries
	Query Types
	Query Methods
	Consulting Opportunity 14.6 Hey, Look Me Over (Reprise)
	Summary
	Hypercase® Experience 14
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Problems
	Group Projects
	Selected Bibliography
Part V Quality Assurance and Implementation
15 Designing Accurate Data Entry Procedures
	Effective Coding
	Keeping Track of Something
	Classifying Information
	Concealing Information
	Revealing Information
	Requesting Appropriate Action
	General Guidelines for Coding
	Consulting Opportunity 15.1 It’s a Wilderness in Here
	Consulting Opportunity 15.2 Catching a Summer Code
	Effective and Efficient Data Capture
	Deciding What to Capture
	Letting the Computer Do the Rest
	Avoiding Bottlenecks and Extra Steps
	Starting with a Good Form
	Choosing a Data Entry Method
	Ensuring Data Quality Through Input Validation
	Consulting Opportunity 15.3 To Enter or Not to Enter: That Is the Question
	Validating Input Transactions
	Validating Input Data
	The Process of Validation
	Data Accuracy Advantages in Ecommerce Environments
	Customers Keying Their Own Data
	Storing Data for Later Use
	Hypercase® Experience 15
	Using Data through the Order Fulfillment Process
	Providing Feedback to Customers
	Summary
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Problems
	Group Projects
	Selected Bibliography
16 Quality Asurance and Implementation
	The Total Quality Management Approach
	Six Sigma
	Responsibility for Total Quality Management
	Structured Walkthrough
	Top-Down Systems Design and Development
	Consulting Opportunity 16.1 The Quality of MIS Is Not Strained
	Mac Appeal
	Using Structure Charts to Design Modular Systems
	Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
	Documentation Approaches
	Procedure Manuals
	The Folklore Method
	Consulting Opportunity 16.2 Write Is Right
	Choosing a Design and Documentation Technique
	Testing, Maintenance, and Auditing
	The Testing Process
	Hypercase® Experience 16.1
	Consulting Opportunity 16.3 Cramming for Your Systems Test
	Maintenance Practices
	Auditing
	Implementing Distributed Systems
	Client/Server Technology
	Cloud Computing
	Network Modeling
	Training Users
	Training Strategies
	Guidelines for Training
	Consulting Opportunity 16.4 You Can Lead a Fish to Water . . . ButYou Can’t Make It Drink
	Conversion to a New System
	Conversion Strategies
	Other Conversion Considerations
	Organizational Metaphors and Their Relationship to Successful Systems
	Security Concerns for Traditional and Web-Based Systems
	Physical Security
	Logical Security
	Behavioral Security
	Special Security Considerations for Ecommerce
	Privacy Considerations for Ecommerce
	Disaster Recovery Planning
	Consulting Opportunity 16.5 The Sweet Smell of Success
	Evaluation
	Evaluation Techniques
	The Information System Utility Approach
	Evaluating Corporate Websites
	Consulting Opportunity 16.6 Mopping Up with the New System
	Hypercase® Experience 16.2
	Summary
	Keywords and Phrases
	Review Questions
	Problems
	Group Projects
	Selected Bibliography
Glossary
Acronyms
Index
	Symbols
	A
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	M
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	Q
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