Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa: Impact on People, Animals, and the Environment (World Food Preservation Center Book Series)

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Impact of Synthetic Pesticides on the Health of the African People, Animals and Environment
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 A Public Health Physician’s Perspective
	1.3 “The Big Picture” of Impact of Synthetic Pesticides on Africa
	1.4 Evidence of How Synthetic Pesticides Negatively Impact the Health, Nutrition andSustainability of the Ecosystem
	1.5 Evidence of How Synthetic Pesticides Impact Human Health
	1.6 Evidence of How Synthetic Pesticides Impact Children
	1.7 The “Poisonous Combo” of Synthetic Pesticides and GMOs
	1.8 Negative Impact of Synthetic Pesticides on Animals
	1.9 Negative Impact of Synthetic Pesticides on Soil Health
	1.10 Control Strategies for Combating Synthetic Pesticides Use
	1.11 The Way Forward
Chapter 2 Glyphosate’s Impact on Humans, Animals, and the Environment
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Characteristics of Glyphosate and Other Herbicides
		2.2.1 Glyphosate as a Mineral Chelator
		2.2.2 Antibiotic Activity of Glyphosate
			2.2.2.1 Glyphosate Effects on Nontarget Organisms
			2.2.2.2 Glyphosate Effects on Animals and Humans
	2.3 Understanding the Effects of Genetic Engineering for Herbicide Tolerance
	2.4 Increased Plant, Animal, and Human Diseases
	2.5 Impact of Glyphosate on the Environment
	2.6 Remediation of Pesticide Damage
	2.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3 Health, Nutrition, and Sustainability: Precious Commodities in Jeopardy from Agricultural Pesticides
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Conflicts of Practice and Health
	3.3 Agriculture Determines the Nutritional Quality of Society
	3.4 The Dynamic Interaction of Nutrition and Health
	3.5 The Intricate Link between Agriculture and Health
	3.6 Food Is about Providing Sustenance for the Consumer
	3.7 Chemical Disrupters of Nutrition and Function
	3.8 Proliferation of Chemical Residue Contamination in Modern Food
	References
Chapter 4 Agricultural Pesticides and the Deterioration of Health
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Health Effects of Regulated Pesticides
	4.3 Glyphosate and the Deterioration of Health
	4.4 Does Glyphosate Suppress PEPCK?
	4.5 Fatty Liver Disease and Its Sequelae
	4.6 Glyphosate and Fatty Liver Disease
	4.7 Diabetes and Obesity
	4.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Synthetic Pesticides and the Brain
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Development and Vulnerabilities of the Brain
	5.3 Neurobehavioral Effects of Organochlorine Pesticides
	5.4 Neurobehavioral Effects of Organophosphate Pesticides
	5.5 Neurobehavioral Effects of Synthetic Pyrethroids
	5.6 Neurobehavioral Effects of Carbamates
	5.7 Neurobehavioral Effects of Neonicotinoids
	5.8 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 6 Insufficient Evidence for Pesticide Safety
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The Best Practices Testing Guidelines
	6.3 Diseases Other Than Cancer
	6.4 Serious Deficiencies in the Regulation of Toxic Chemicals
	6.5 No Published Evidence of Pesticide Safety in Children
	6.6 The Special Needs of the Developing Fetus and Newborn
	6.7 Developmental Neurotoxicity
	6.8 Brain Abnormalities and IQ Reductions in Children
	6.9 Endocrine Disruption
	6.10 Protecting Our Children
	6.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Pesticides and the Crisis in Children’s Health
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Definitions
	7.3 Toxic Soup
	7.4 Public Health – A Precarious Balance
	7.5 The State of Our Children’s Health
		7.5.1 Children’s Health Landscape
		7.5.2 What Do the Statistics Say about African Children’s Health?
	7.6 Health Links to Pesticides – What Do the Studies Say?
		7.6.1 Understanding Pesticide Exposure in Children
	7.7 Remove the Blinders to Glyphosate-Based Harm
		7.7.1 Does Dose Make the Poison?
		7.7.2 Can Children Clear the Toxic Load?
	7.8 Pesticides and the Link to Neurodevelopment Disorders
		7.8.1 The CHAMACOS Study: “Little Children”
		7.8.2 Unraveling the Mechanisms of Neurologic Toxicity
		7.8.3 An End to Pesticide Profiteers
	References
Chapter 8 Animal Health Issues with Increased Risk from Exposure to Glyphosate-Based Herbicides
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Influence of Glyphosate on Trace Minerals
		8.2.1 Manganese (Mn++) Deficiency
		8.2.2 Cobalt (Co++) Deficiency
		8.2.3 Copper Deficiency in Sheep and Goats
		8.2.4 Molybdenum (Mo) Deficiency
		8.2.5 Other Possible Mineral Issues
	8.3 Toxicoinfectious Botulism
	8.4 Mycotoxin Issues
		8.4.1 Fusarium Mycotoxins
		8.4.2 Signs of Mycotoxin Intoxication
	8.5 More Fungal Issues
		8.5.1 Mycotoxicosis of Pigs
	8.6 Antimicrobial Action of Glyphosate Can Alter Microbiome Function
		8.6.1 Increased Risk of Antimicrobial Resistance
	8.7 More on Early-Term Pregnancy Loss
	8.8 Soil Health Risks, Including Declining Organic Matter and Declining Phosphorus Levels
	8.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 Agricultural Pesticide Threats to Animal Production and Sustainability
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Glyphosate: A Mineral Chelator, Antibiotic, Synthetic Amino Acid, and Powerful Toxin
		9.2.1 Glyphosate as a Chelator of Essential Minerals
		9.2.2 Glyphosate as an Antibiotic
	9.3 Representative Animal Case Studies of Glyphosate Toxicity
		9.3.1 Beef Cattle
			9.3.1.1 Purebred Bull Supplier (Case 1)
			9.3.1.2 Range Herd (Case 2)
			9.3.1.3 Small Farm Beef Herd (Case 4)
			9.3.1.4 Large Beef Herd Grazing Corn for Winter (Case 6)
			9.3.1.5 Cows Grazing Desiccated Lentil/Pea Stubble for Winter (Case 7)
			9.3.1.6 Cows and Calves Graze RR Corn Stubble in November (Case 8)
			9.3.1.7 Very Important, Split Beef Herd and Massive Differences (Case 10)
			9.3.1.8 Feedlot Cattle with Flax Straw Bedding (Case 11)
			9.3.1.9 250 Beef Cows (Case 12)
			9.3.1.10 Calves (Case 13)
			9.3.1.11 20 Calves as Orphans (Case 14)
		9.3.2 Dairy
			9.3.2.1 Dairy (Case 5)
			9.3.2.2 Excellent Example, 2 Separate Herds But the Same Management andFeed (Case 9)
			9.3.2.3 Dairy Herd (Case 26)
		9.3.3 Sheep
			9.3.3.1 Sheep Fed Glyphosate Desiccated (Yellow) Feed (Case 3)
			9.3.3.2 Sheep on Creep (Case 15)
			9.3.3.3 110 Dead (Case 22)
		9.3.4 Swine
			9.3.4.1 Lactation Variability, Representative of Many Cases (Case 18)
		9.3.5 Equine
			9.3.5.1 Horses-Related Cases (Case 19)
		9.3.6 Poultry
			9.3.6.1 Poultry Layers (Case 27)
		9.3.7 Crop Residues
			9.3.7.1 Pea Stubble (Case 20)
			9.3.7.2 Irrigated Alfalfa Grass Mixture (Case 21)
	9.4 Remediation, Reversal, and Stoppage of Glyphosate Damage
		9.4.1 Remove the Source of the Glyphosate
		9.4.2 Countering the Pathological Action of Glyphosate
	9.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10 Disruption of the Soil Microbiota by Agricultural Pesticides
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The Soil Microbiome
	10.3 Soil Health
	10.4 Early Pesticide Soil Microbiota Research Investigations
	10.5 Pesticides and Soil Biology: General Pesticide Usage Considerations, MicrobialAbundance, and Symbiotic Associations
		10.5.1 Effects on Soil Microbial Abundance and Diversity
		10.5.2 Effects on Microbial–Plant Symbioses
		10.5.3 Pesticide Effects on Biodiversity
		10.5.4 Pesticide Effects on Microbiota-Mediated Biological Processes
	10.6 Pesticides and the Soil Microbiome in Agro-ecosystems with Genetically Engineered (GE) Crops
		10.6.1 Herbicide-Tolerant Crops and Effects on Soil Microbiota
		10.6.2 Insect-Resistant Crops and the Soil Microbiome
	10.7 Recent Insecticides Introduced for Modern Crop Production
	10.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Bio-decontamination of Mycotoxin Patulin
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Distribution and Economic Implications of PAT
	11.3 Toxicology of Patulin
	11.4 Occurrence of Patulin in Apple Fruit and Its Derived Products
	11.5 Effect of Postharvest Fungicide Application on Decay and Patulin Levels in Apples
	11.6 Biocontrol Microbes as Antagonistic Agents and Potential Patulin Decontaminants
	11.7 Improving the Performance and Stability of Antagonistic Yeast for Patulin Reduction
	11.8 Mechanisms for Antagonistic Yeasts Action in Patulin reduction
	11.9 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 12 The Montreal Protocol and the Methyl Bromide Phaseout in the Soil Sector: Key Success Factors and Lessons Learned to Eliminate Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Impact of the Ozone Layer Depletion on Man and His Environment
	12.3 The Montreal Protocol and the Methyl Bromide Phase-out
		12.3.1 Methyl Bromide Uses Categories Identified by the Protocol
		12.3.2 Methyl Bromide Phaseout Schedule
		12.3.3 Critical Use Nominations
		12.3.4 Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Soil Use
			12.3.4.1 Chemical Alternatives
			12.3.4.2 Nonchemical Alternatives
			12.3.4.3 Integrated Pest Management
	12.4 The Montreal Protocol and Its Key Implementation Strategies
		12.4.1 UNEP Assessment Panels
			12.4.1.1 Technology and Economic Assessment Panel
			12.4.1.2 Scientific Assessment Panel
			12.4.1.3 Environmental Effects Assessment Panel
		12.4.2 Networks of National Ozone Officers in Developing Countries
			12.4.2.1 National Ozone Officers and Regional Networks
			12.4.2.2 Networks of Ozone Officers in Africa
		12.4.3 Multilateral Fund
			12.4.3.1 Methyl Bromide Alternatives Project
			12.4.3.2 Lessons Learned from MLF Projects
	12.5 Montreal Protocol Successes
		12.5.1 Trends in Methyl Bromide Use for CUNs
		12.5.2 Recovering the Ozone Layer
		12.5.3 Remaining and Emerging Challenges Impacting MB Phaseout for Soil Use
	12.6 Lessons Learned from the Montreal Protocol That Could Be Applied for the Synthetic Pesticide Phaseout in Africa
		12.6.1 Flexibility
		12.6.2 Financing Projects in Developing Countries
		12.6.3 Industry Cooperation
		12.6.4 Farmers’ Involvement
		12.6.5 Health Reasons and Citizen Action
		12.6.6 Encouragement of Research
		12.6.7 Technology and Economic Assessment Panel
		12.6.8 Compliance Proce
	12.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13 Regulatory Collusion and the Illusion of Safety
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 The Case of Dioxin
	13.3 The Case of Chlorpyrifos
	13.4 The Case of Glyphosate
	13.5 The Case of Dicamba
	13.6 The Case of PFAS
	13.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14 The Myth of Substantial Equivalence and Safety Evaluations of Genetically Engineered Crops: A CytoSolve Systems Biology Analysis
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 The Current Discourse on GMOs
		14.1.2 A Systems Biology of GMOs
		14.1.3 Need for Standards for In Vitro and In Vivo Testing of GMOs and Non-GMO
	14.2 Substantial Equivalence
		14.2.1 Beyond “Substantial Equivalence”: The Need for a Systems-Based Approach
		14.2.2 The “Old” Biology: A Lesson in Misplaced Criteria of “Substantial Equivalence”
	14.3 Systems Biology
		14.3.1 Computational Systems Biology: Modeling Molecular Systems
		14.3.2 CytoSolve[sup(®)]: A Framework Modeling the Whole Cell and Complex Molecular Systems
	14.4 Research Aim
		14.4.1 Identification of Key Regulatory Molecules: Formaldehyde and Glutathione
		14.4.2 Review of In Silico Modeling of C1 Metabolism
		14.4.3 Review of Integrated Model of Oxidative Stress with C1 Metabolism
	14.5 Methods
	14.6 Results
		14.6.1 Systematic Bioinformatics Literature Review of GMO Crops and Molecular Pathways
		14.6.2 Systems Architecture of GM, Oxidative Stress, and C1 Metabolism
		14.6.3 Interaction of GM Soybean with Oxidative Stress and Individual Molecular Pathways of C1 Metabolism
			14.6.3.1 Simulation Results from In Silico Modeling of GM Soybean and Oxidative Stress with Only the Methionine Biosynthesis System of C1 Metabolism
			14.6.3.2 Simulation Results from In Silico Modeling of GM of Soybean and Oxidative Stress with Only Formaldehyde Detoxification System of C1 Metabolism
		14.6.4 Simulation Results of In Silico Modeling of GM Soybean and Oxidative Stress with Complete Integrative Model of C1 Metabolism
		14.6.5 Parameter Sensitivity of GM Soybean and Oxidative Stress with C1 Metabolism
	14.7 Discussion and Conclusions
	14.8 Future Direction
	14.9 Supplementary Materials
	14.10 Appendix A: List of Keywords
	14.11 Supplementary Materials References
	14.12 Appendix B: Log-Scale Figure for Glutathione (GSH) Temporal Dynamics
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index