Synthetic Natural Gas: From Coal, Dry Biomass, and Power-to-Gas Applications

Content: List of Contributors xi    1 Introductory Remarks 1 Tilman J. Schildhauer    1.1 Why Produce Synthetic Natural Gas? 1    1.2 Overview 3    2 Coal and Biomass Gasification for SNG Production 5 Stefan Heyne, Martin Seemann, and Tilman J. Schildhauer    2.1 Introduction     Basic Requirements for Gasification in the Framework of SNG Production 5    2.2 Thermodynamics of Gasification 6    2.2.1 Gasification Reactions 7    2.2.2 Overall Gasification Process     Equilibrium Based Considerations 7    2.2.3 Gasification     A Multi  ]step Process Deviating from Equilibrium 11    2.2.4 Heat Management of the Gasification Process 13    2.2.5 Implication of Thermodynamic Considerations for Technology Choice 18    2.3 Gasification Technologies 18    2.3.1 Entrained Flow 19    2.3.2 Fixed Bed 20    2.3.3 Direct Fluidized Bed 22    2.3.4 Indirect Fluidized Bed Gasification 27    2.3.5 Hydrogasification and Catalytic Gasification 34    References 37    3 Gas Cleaning 41 Urs Rhyner    3.1 Introduction 41    3.2 Impurities 42    3.2.1 Particulate Matter 42    3.2.2 Tars 43    3.2.3 Sulfur Compounds 43    3.2.4 Halide Compounds 44    3.2.5 Alkali Compounds 44    3.2.6 Nitrogen Compounds 44    3.2.7 Other Impurities 44    3.3 Cold, Warm and Hot Gas Cleaning 45    3.3.1 Example of B  ]IGFC Gas Cleaning Process Chains 45    3.4 Gas Cleaning Technologies 47    3.4.1 Particulate Matter 47    3.4.2 Tars 52    3.4.3 Sulfur Compounds 57    3.4.4 Hydrodesulfurization 59    3.4.5 Chlorine (Halides) 60    3.4.6 Alkali 61    3.4.7 Nitrogen  ]containing Compounds 61    3.4.8 Other Impurities 62    3.5 Reactive Hot Gas Filter 62    References 65    4 Methanation for Synthetic Natural Gas Production     Chemical Reaction Engineering Aspects 77 Tilman J. Schildhauer    4.1 Methanation     The Synthesis Step in the Production of Synthetic Natural Gas 77    4.1.1 Feed Gas Mixtures for Methanation Reactors 79    4.1.2 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 82    4.1.3 Methanation Catalysts: Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms 88    4.1.4 Catalyst Deactivation 97    4.2 Methanation Reactor Types 107    4.2.1 Adiabatic Fixed Bed Reactors 109    4.2.2 Cooled Reactors 117    4.2.3 Comparison of Methanation Reactor Concepts 129    4.3 Modeling and Simulation of Methanation Reactors 132    4.3.1 How to Measure (Intrinsic) Kinetics? 133    4.3.2 Modeling of Fixed Bed Reactors 136    4.3.3 Modeling of Isothermal Fluidized Bed Reactors 139    4.4 Conclusions and Open Research Questions 146    4.5 Symbol List 148    References 149    5 SNG Upgrading 161 Renato Baciocchi, Giulia Costa, and Lidia Lombardi    5.1 Introduction 161    5.2 Separation Processes for SNG Upgrading 163    5.2.1 Bulk CO2/CH4  Separation 163    5.2.2 Removal of other Compounds and Impurities 169    5.3 Techno  ]Economical Comparison of Selected Separation Options 174    References 176    6 SNG from Wood     The GoBiGas Project 181 Jorgen Held    6.1 Biomethane in Sweden 181    6.2 Conditions and Background for the GoBiGas Project in Gothenburg 184    6.3 Technical Description 185    6.4 Technical Issues and Lessons Learned 188    6.5 Status 188    6.6 Efficiency 188    6.7 Economics 188    6.8 Outlook 189    Acknowledgements 189    References 189    7 The Power to Gas Process: Storage of Renewable Energy in the Natural Gas Grid via Fixed Bed Methanation of CO2/H2 191 Michael Specht, Jochen Brellochs, Volkmar Frick, Bernd Sturmer, and Ulrich Zuberbuhler    7.1 Motivation 191    7.1.1 History    Renewable Fuel Paths at ZSW    191    7.1.2 Goal    Energiewende    192    7.1.3 Goal    Power Based, Carbon Based Fuels    192    7.1.4 Goal    P2G(R)    192    7.1.5 Goal    Methanation    193    7.2 The Power to Fuel Concept: Co  ]utilization of (Biogenic) Carbon and Hydrogen 193    7.3 P2G(R) Technology 196    7.3.1 Methanation Characteristics for CO2  Based Syngas 197    7.3.2 P2G(R) Plant Layout of 25 kWel, 250 kWel, and 6000 kWel Plants 202    7.4 Experimental Results 206    7.4.1 Methanation Catalysts: Screening, Cycle Resistance, Contamination by Sulfur Components 206    7.4.2 Results with the 25 kWel P2G(R) Plant 209    7.4.3 Results with the 250 kWel P2G(R) Plant 210    7.4.4 Results with the 250 kWel P2G(R) Plant in Combination with Membrane Gas Upgrade 213    7.5 P2G(R) Process Efficiency 214    7.6 Conclusion and Outlook 217    Acknowledgements 219    References 219    8 Fluidized Bed Methanation for SNG Production     Process Development at the Paul  ]Scherrer Institut 221 Tilman J. Schildhauer and Serge M.A. Biollaz    8.1 Introduction to Process Development 221    8.2 Methane from Wood     Process Development at PSI 223    References 229    9 MILENA Indirect Gasification, OLGA Tar Removal, and ECN Process for Methanation 231 Luc P.L.M. Rabou, Bram Van der Drift, Eric H.A.J. Van Dijk, Christiaan M. Van der Meijden, and Berend J. Vreugdenhil    9.1 Introduction 231    9.2 Main Process Steps 233    9.2.1 MILENA Indirect Gasification 233    9.2.2 OLGA Tar Removal 236    9.2.3 HDS and Deep S Removal 237    9.2.4 Reformer 238    9.2.5 CO2 Removal 239    9.2.6 Methanation and Upgrading 239    9.3 Process Efficiency and Economy 240    9.4 Results and Status 241    9.4.1 MILENA 241    9.4.2 OLGA 242    9.4.3 HDS, Reformer, and Methanation 243    9.5 Outlook 245    9.5.1 Pressure 245    9.5.2 Co  ]production 245    9.5.3 Bio Carbon Capture and Storage 246    9.5.4 Power to Gas 246    Acknowledgements 246    References 247    10 Hydrothermal Production of SNG from Wet Biomass 249 Frederic Vogel    10.1 Introduction 249    10.2 Historical Development 252    10.3 Physical and Chemical Bases 253    10.3.1 Catalysis 254    10.3.2 Phase Behavior and Salt Separation 259    10.3.3 Liquefaction of the Solid Biomass, Tar, and Coke Formation 263    10.4 PSI   s Catalytic SNG Process 266    10.4.1 Process Description and Layout 266    10.4.2 Mass Balance 268    10.4.3 Energy Balance 269    10.4.4 Status of Process Development at PSI 269    10.4.5 Comparison to other SNG Processes 271    10.5 Open Questions and Outlook 273    References 274    11 Agnion   s Small Scale SNG Concept 279 Thomas Kienberger and Christian Zuber    References 291    12 Integrated Desulfurization and Methanation Concepts for SNG Production 293 Christian F.J. Konig, Maarten Nachtegaal, and Tilman J. Schildhauer    12.1 Introduction 293    12.2 Concepts for Integrated Desulfurization and Methanation 295    12.2.1 Sulfur  ]Resistant Methanation 295    12.2.2 Regeneration of Methanation Catalysts 297    12.2.3 Discussion of the Concepts 300    12.3 Required Future Research 301    12.3.1 Sulfur Resistant Methanation 301    12.3.2 Periodic Regeneration 302    References 303    Index 307