Synesthesia: A Union of the Senses - Second Edition

Cover......Page 1
Title page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
BECOMING A ROBOT......Page 12
SEEING PAIN......Page 13
THE TWO CORNERS......Page 14
FEELINGS AND IMPOSTORS......Page 15
CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE TAXIMETER......Page 16
CANDLES AND ROCKETS......Page 17
NOTES......Page 18
Foreword to the First Edition......Page 20
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 22
Preface to the First Edition......Page 24
Acknowledgments......Page 28
1.  Introduction......Page 32
1.1   HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS......Page 34
1.1.1   How This Work Got Started......Page 36
1.1.2   History of Synesthesia......Page 37
1.2   CRITICISM OF EXPERIENTIAL RESPONSES......Page 38
1.3   SYNESTHETES AS COGNITIVE FOSSILS......Page 41
2.1   SYNESTHETES SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES......Page 44
2.2   SIMILARITY OF STORIES......Page 49
2.3.1   Simple Synesthesia and Colored Auras......Page 55
2.3.2   Polymodal Synesthetes......Page 56
2.3.4   Visual Pain and Geometric Hearing......Page 59
2.3.5   Colored Orthography That Has Personality......Page 60
2.3.7   Colored Hearing in a Polyglot......Page 61
2.4   SYNESTHESIA AS AN UNELABORATED PERCEPT......Page 64
2.5   VALIDITY, CONSTANCY, AND LIMITS TO MANIPULATION OF THE PARALLEL SENSE......Page 65
2.5.1   Correspondence of Stimuli and Responses......Page 68
2.5.2   Competition of Color......Page 69
2.5.3   Commonality of ‘‘I,’’ ‘‘O,’’ and ‘‘U’’......Page 73
2.6   PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCE AND STIGMA......Page 74
2.7.1   Word and Number Memory......Page 77
2.7.3   Hypermnesis......Page 79
2.7.4   Olfactory Memory......Page 81
2.8   FAMILIAL CASES......Page 82
2.8.1   Pedigrees......Page 83
2.8.2   Linkage Analysis and Population Estimates......Page 84
2.8.3   Genetically Mediated Psychological Characteristics of Sensory Functions......Page 88
3.  Theories of Synesthesia: A Review and a New Proposal......Page 92
3.1   CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 95
3.2   DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR SYNESTHESIA......Page 98
3.3   WHAT AND WHERE IS THE LINK?......Page 101
3.4.1   Undifferentiated Neuronal Activity......Page 102
3.4.2   Linkage Theories......Page 103
3.4.3   Abstraction Theories......Page 105
3.5   PROPOSAL FOR A SYNESTHETIC MEDIATOR......Page 107
3.5.1   The Semantic Differential......Page 109
3.5.2   Polymodal Combination......Page 113
3.6   OPERATIONALIZING THE THEORIES OF SYNESTHESIA......Page 115
3.6.1.1   Subjects......Page 116
3.6.1.2   Construction of Appropriate Response Domains......Page 117
Gustatory  Synesthesia......Page 119
Auditory  Synesthesia......Page 120
3.6.2   Results......Page 121
3.6.3   Discussion......Page 123
4.  Overlaps and Evidence for Localization......Page 130
4.1   PHENOMENA SIMILAR TO SYNESTHESIA......Page 131
4.2   LSD-INDUCED SYNESTHESIA......Page 132
4.3.1   Luria’s Patient, S......Page 134
4.3.2   Eidetic Memory......Page 136
4.3.2.1   Eideticism and Synesthesia......Page 139
4.3.3   Synesthesia and Memory in Current Patients......Page 141
4.4   RELEASE HALLUCINATIONS......Page 142
4.4.1   Clinical Examples......Page 144
4.5   SIMPLE SYNESTHESIA AND DEAFFERENTATION......Page 145
4.5.1   Simple Synesthesias With Gross Brainstem Lesions......Page 151
4.5.2   Synesthesia During Meditative States......Page 152
4.6   TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY......Page 153
4.6.1   Clinical Examples......Page 154
4.7   ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE BRAIN......Page 158
4.7.1   ESB Mapping......Page 159
4.7.1.1   ESB  and  Memory,  Revisited......Page 160
4.7.2   Olfaction and Evoked Memories......Page 161
4.7.3   Weaknesses of Penfield’s Method......Page 162
4.8   SUMMARY......Page 163
4.9.1   Drug Studies in MW......Page 164
4.9.1.1   Dextroamphetamine......Page 165
4.9.1.2   Ethanol......Page 167
4.9.2   Cerebral Metabolism......Page 168
Taste Synesthesia......Page 169
Method......Page 170
Probe  Locations......Page 171
Hemispheric  Symmetry......Page 172
rCBF During Amyl Nitrite Activation......Page 173
4.9.3   Cerebral Angiography......Page 175
4.9.3.1   Left Carotid Injection......Page 176
4.9.4   Electroencephalography......Page 177
4.9.6   Neuropsychological Assessment in MW......Page 178
4.9.7   Higher Cortical Deficits in Other Subjects......Page 180
4.9.8   Evoked Potential Studies......Page 184
4.9.9   Functional Imaging Studies......Page 185
4.10   rCBF REDISTRIBUTION IN SYNESTHESIA: ANALOGY TO MIGRAINE THEORY......Page 189
4.10.1   Speculation Regarding Disconnection and Confabulation......Page 190
4.11   RELATION OF SYNESTHETIC PERCEPTIONS TO KLU¨ VER’S FORM CONSTANTS......Page 192
4.12   CONCLUSION......Page 199
5.  Spatial Extension......Page 200
5.1   LEGACY OF GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY......Page 202
5.2   AUDITORY SCENE ANALYSIS......Page 204
5.3   FORM CONSTANTS REVISITED......Page 208
5.4   NUMBER FORMS......Page 210
5.5   SENSATION OF MOVEMENT......Page 218
Subject CS: Multiple Visual Configurations, Projected, without Color......Page 219
Durability and Change in Perspective......Page 222
5.6.2.1   Subject AC: Colored Days of the Week......Page 223
Age of Onset; Spontaneity; Psychophysical Locale......Page 224
Durability......Page 225
Olfactory Trigger for Memory; Loss of Memory after Pituitary Tumor......Page 226
5.7   MEMORY MAPS......Page 228
5.7.1   The Alphabet......Page 230
5.7.2   Words and Names......Page 232
5.7.3   Numbers......Page 233
5.7.4   Months, Weeks, and Days......Page 234
5.8   CONCLUSION......Page 236
6.  The Neural Substrate of Synesthesia......Page 238
6.1.1   The Standard Hierarchical Model......Page 239
6.1.2   The Multiplex Model......Page 243
6.1.2.1   Nonlinear Information Flow......Page 244
6.1.2.2   Function Is Not Strictly Localized......Page 246
6.2   ANATOMICAL DETAILS......Page 247
6.2.1   Three General Arrangements of Neurons......Page 248
6.2.2   Phyletic Development......Page 251
6.2.3   Cortical Columns......Page 254
6.2.4   The Distributed System......Page 257
6.2.5   Topography: Patterns of Functional Neural Connection......Page 260
6.2.6   Multiplex Communication......Page 266
6.2.7   Subcortical Entities......Page 270
6.2.7.1   Channel and State Functions......Page 271
6.2.7.2   Chemoarchitecture......Page 272
6.3   LATERALIZATION AND HEMISPHERIC SPECIALIZATION......Page 273
6.3.1   Standard Brain Development......Page 274
6.3.2   Left-Handedness and Anomalous Dominance......Page 277
6.3.3   Hemispheric Specialization......Page 278
6.4   THE LIMBIC SYSTEM......Page 279
6.4.1   The Papez Circuit......Page 281
6.4.2   Affective Valence......Page 282
6.5   COLOR AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS......Page 285
6.5.1   Further Anatomy of Color and Shape Perception......Page 287
6.5.2   Space and Movement......Page 291
6.5.2.1   Phantom Vision......Page 292
6.5.2.2   Striate Removal and Spatial Synthesis......Page 293
6.6   A TRANSMODAL BINDING MODEL OF SYNESTHESIA......Page 294
7.1   NEONATAL SYNESTHESIA......Page 302
7.1.1   Evidence for Neonatal Synesthesia......Page 304
7.2   SYNESTHESIA, SIMILARITY, AND METAPHOR......Page 306
7.2.1   Sensory Similarities......Page 307
7.2.2   The Physical Basis of Metaphor......Page 310
7.2.3   Physiologic Substrates of Synesthetic Metaphors......Page 314
7.3   SYNESTHESIA AND LANGUAGE......Page 315
7.3.1   Colored Language......Page 316
7.3.2   Meaning, Synesthesia, and Language......Page 318
7.5   PLASTICITY IN YOUNG SYNESTHETES......Page 321
8.  Synesthesia, Personality, and Art......Page 326
8.1.1   Psychometrics......Page 327
8.1.3   Geographical Knowledge and Pathfinding......Page 328
8.1.3.1   Cognitive Maps in Synesthetes......Page 334
8.1.4.2   Projection of Animate Traits......Page 335
8.1.4.4   The Feeling of a Presence......Page 336
8.2.1   Color......Page 337
8.2.2   Olivier Messiaen (1908–1992)......Page 339
8.2.2.1   Predictive Musicological Analysis......Page 342
8.2.3   David Hockney (DH)......Page 343
8.2.3.1   His Synesthesia......Page 344
8.2.3.2   Color and Space......Page 345
8.3   DELIBERATE CONTRIVANCES......Page 350
9.1   SEEING AND REALITY......Page 352
9.2   COLORED ILLUSIONS: COLOR CONSTANCY AND COLORED SHADOWS......Page 353
9.2.1   Color Constancy......Page 354
9.2.2   Colored Shadows......Page 357
9.3   RETINEX THEORY OF COLOR VISION......Page 358
9.3.1   History of the Study of Color......Page 359
9.3.2   Research on Lightness......Page 361
9.3.3   The Retinex Theory......Page 362
9.4   OPTIC IMAGERY AND LIGHTNESS......Page 367
9.4.1   Is Synesthesia on a Continuum with Imagery?......Page 368
9.5   MICROGENESIS......Page 369
9.5.1.2   Symptom......Page 370
9.5.2   Object Perception......Page 371
9.5.3   Hallucinations......Page 373
Brainstem......Page 374
Temporal Lobe......Page 376
Occipital Lobe......Page 377
9.5.5   A Microgenetic Explanation of Different Types of Synesthesia......Page 378
Afterword......Page 382
References......Page 384
INDEX OF SPECIFIC SYNESTHETES’ PERCEPTIONS......Page 416
SOME EXAMPLES OF SYNESTHESIA......Page 417
Index......Page 420