Switchgear Manual

ABB_Manual_10E_00s......Page 1
1.1.1 The International System of Units (Sl)......Page 19
1.1.2 Other units still in common use; metric, British and US measures......Page 34
1.1.3 Fundamental physical constants......Page 39
1.2.2 Faraday’s law......Page 41
1.2.3 Thermoelectric series......Page 43
1.2.5 Heat transfer......Page 44
1.2.6 Acoustics, noise measurement, noise abatement......Page 47
1.2.7 Technical values of solids, liquids and gases......Page 50
1.3.1 Fundamentals and definitions......Page 54
1.3.2 Tensile and compressive strength......Page 55
1.3.3 Bending strength......Page 56
1.3.4 Loadings on beams......Page 57
1.3.5 Buckling strength......Page 59
1.3.6 Maximum permissible buckling and tensile stress for tubular rods......Page 60
1.3.7 Shear strength......Page 61
1.3.8 Moments of resistance and moments of inertia......Page 63
1.4.1 Area of polygons......Page 64
1.4.2 Areas and centres of gravity......Page 65
1.4.3 Volumes and surface areas of solid bodies......Page 66
2.1 Electrotechnical symbols as per DIN 1304 Part 1......Page 69
2.2 Alternating-current quantities......Page 70
2.3.1 Definitions and specific values......Page 77
2.3.2 Resistances in different circuit configurations......Page 78
2.3.3 The influence of temperature on resistance......Page 80
2.4 Relationships between voltage drop, power loss and conductor\rcross section......Page 81
2.5 Current input of electrical machines and transformers......Page 84
2.6 Attenuation constant a of transmission systems......Page 86
3.1.1 Terms as per DIN VDE 0102 / IEC 909......Page 87
3.1.2 Symmetrical components of asymmetrical three-phase systems......Page 88
3.2 Fundamentals of calculation according to DIN VDE 0102 / IEC 909......Page 89
3.3.2 Electrical machines......Page 101
3.3.3 Transformers and reactors......Page 104
3.3.4 Three-phase overhead lines......Page 107
3.3.5 Three-phase cables......Page 114
3.3.6 Busbars in switchgear installations......Page 120
3.4 Examples of calculation......Page 121
3.5 Effect of neutral point arrangement on fault behaviour in three- phase high- voltage networks above 1 kV......Page 129
4.1 Insulation rating......Page 131
4.2 Dimensioning of power installations for mechanical and\rthermal short-circuit strength......Page 138
4.2.1 Dimensioning of bar conductors for mechanical short-circuit strength......Page 140
4.2.2 Dimensioning of stranded conductors\rfor mechanical short-circuit strength......Page 151
4.2.3 Horizontal span displacement......Page 160
4.2.4 Mechanical stress on cables and cable fittings\rin the event of short circuit......Page 163
4.2.5 Rating the thermal short-circuit current capability......Page 164
4.3.1 Calculation of the sag of wire conductors in outdoor installations......Page 168
4.3.2 Calculation of deflection and stress of tubular busbars......Page 174
4.3.3 Calculation of electrical surface field strength......Page 176
4.4.1 Temperature rise in enclosed switch boards......Page 177
4.4.2 Ventilation of switchgear and transformer rooms......Page 179
4.4.3 Forced ventilation and air-conditioning of switchgear installations......Page 182
4.4.4 Temperature rise in enclosed busbars......Page 185
4.4.5 Temperature rise in insulated conductors......Page 186
4.4.6 Longitudinal expansion of busbars......Page 187
4.5.1 General principles......Page 188
4.5.2 Experimental verification......Page 190
4.5.3 Verification by calculation......Page 191
4.6 Minimum clearances, protective barrier clearances and widths of\rgangways......Page 192
4.6.1 Minimum clearances and protective barrier clearances\rin power systems with rated voltages over 1 kV (DIN VDE 0101)......Page 193
4.6.2 Walkways and gangways in power installations with rated voltages\rover 1 kV (DIN VDE 0101)......Page 196
4.6.3 Gangway widths in power installations with rated voltages of up to 1 kV\r(DIN VDE 0100 Part 729)......Page 200
4.7 Civil construction requirements......Page 201
4.7.1 Indoor installations......Page 202
4.7.2 Outdoor installations......Page 204
4.7.4 Battery compartments......Page 205
4.7.5 Transformer installation......Page 207
4.7.6 Fire prevention......Page 209
4.7.7 Shipping dimensions......Page 213
5.1.1 Protection against direct contact (basic protection)......Page 215
5.1.2 Protection in case of indirect contact (fault protection)......Page 217
5.1.3 Protection by extra low voltage......Page 220
5.1.4 Protective conductors, PEN conductors and equipotential bonding\rconductors......Page 221
5.2.1 Protection against direct contact......Page 225
5.2.2 Protection in case of indirect contact......Page 226
5.3.1 Fundamentals, definitions and specifications......Page 228
5.3.2 Earthing material......Page 232
5.3.3 Dimensioning of earthing systems......Page 235
5.4.1 General......Page 240
5.4.2 Methods of lightning protection......Page 241
5.4.3 Overhead earth wires......Page 243
5.4.4 Lightning rods......Page 245
5.5 Electromagnetic compatibility......Page 248
5.5.1 Origin and propagation of interference quantities......Page 251
5.5.2 Effect of interference quantities on interference sinks......Page 255
5.5.3 EMC measures......Page 256
5.6 Partial-discharge measurement......Page 265
5.6.1 Partial discharge processes......Page 267
5.6.2 Electrical partial-discharge measurement procedures......Page 269
5.7.1 Climates......Page 272
5.7.2 Effects of climate and climatic testing......Page 276
5.7.3 Reduction of insulation capacity by humidity......Page 277
5.7.4 Corrosion protection......Page 279
5.8 Degrees of protection for electrical equipment of up to 72.5 kV\r(VDE 0470 Part 1, EN 60529)......Page 281
6.1.1 Concept, boundary conditions, pc calculation aid......Page 283
6.1.2 Planning of high-voltage installations......Page 287
6.1.3 Project planning of medium-voltage installations......Page 290
6.1.4 Planning of low-voltage installations......Page 293
6.1.5 Calculation of short-circuit currents, computer-aided......Page 297
6.1.7 Planning of cable routing, computer-aided......Page 299
6.2.1 Item designation of electrical equipment as per DIN 40719 Part 2......Page 300
6.2.2 Preparation of documents......Page 311
6.2.3 Classification and designation of documents......Page 314
6.2.4 Structural principles and reference designation as per IEC 61346......Page 317
6.3.1 Terminology, standards......Page 319
6.3.2 Outline of hardware and software for CAD systems......Page 322
6.3.3 Overview of CAD applications in ABB switchgear engineering......Page 325
6.4.1 Drawing formats......Page 330
6.4.2 Standards for representation......Page 331
6.4.3 Lettering in drawings, line thicknesses......Page 333
6.4.4 Text panel, identification of drawing......Page 334
6.4.5 Drawings for switchgear installations......Page 335
6.4.6 Drawing production, drafting aids......Page 336
7.1.1 Low-voltage switchgear as per VDE 0660 Part 100 and following parts, EN\r60947 – ... and IEC 60947 – .........Page 337
7.1.2 Low-voltage fuses as per VDE 0636 Part 10 and following parts,\rEN 60269 – ... IEC 60269 – .........Page 351
7.1.3 Protective switchgear for household and similar uses......Page 357
7.1.4 Selectivity......Page 360
7.1.5 Backup protection......Page 363
7.2.1 Basics......Page 364
7.2.2 Standardized terms......Page 365
7.2.3 Classification of switchgear assemblies......Page 366
7.2.4 Internal subdivision by barriers and partitions......Page 368
7.2.6 Verification of identification data of switchgear assemblies......Page 369
7.2.9 Modular low-voltage switchgear system (MNS system)......Page 371
7.2.10 Low-voltage distribution boards in cubicle-type assembly......Page 378
7.2.11 Low-voltage distribution boards in multiple box-type assembly......Page 380
7.2.12 Systems for reactive power compensation......Page 382
7.2.13 Control systems for low-voltage switchgear assemblies......Page 383
7.3.1 Keeping to the temperature rise limit......Page 386
7.3.2 Internal arc test......Page 388
7.3.4 Calculation programs for planning and design of low-voltage substations......Page 389
7.5.1 Design of low-voltage substations to withstand induced vibrations......Page 390
7.5.2 Low-voltage substations in internal arc-proof design for offshore\rapplications......Page 391
7.5.3 Substations for shelter......Page 392
8.1.2 Switch-disconnectors......Page 393
8.1.3 Earthing switches......Page 394
8.1.5 HV fuse links (DIN EN 60 282-1 (VDE 0670 Part 4))......Page 395
8.1.6 I s -limiter – fastest switching device in the world......Page 398
8.1.7 Circuit-breakers......Page 400
8.2.2 Switchgear as per DIN VDE 0101......Page 404
8.2.3 Metal-enclosed switchgear as per DIN EN 60298 (VDE 0670 Part 6)......Page 405
8.2.4 Metal-enclosed air-insulated switchgear\ras per DIN EN 60298 (VDE 0670 Part 6)......Page 410
8.2.5 Metal-enclosed gas-insulated switchgear\ras per DIN EN 60298 (VDE 0670 Part 6)......Page 414
8.2.6 Control systems for medium-voltage substations......Page 422
8.3.1 Fully insulated transformer link with cables......Page 423
8.3.3 Solid-insulated busbar connection......Page 424
9.1 Generator circuit-breaker......Page 427
9.1.1 Selection criteria for generator circuit-breakers......Page 429
9.1.2 Generator circuit-breaker type ranges HG... and HE...(SF 6 gas breaker)......Page 430
9.1.3 Generator circuit-breaker type DR (air-blast breaker)......Page 433
9.1.4 Generator circuit-breaker type VD 4 G (vacuum breaker)......Page 434
9.2.1 General requirements......Page 436
9.2.2 Types, features, system selection......Page 437
9.2.3 Design dimensions......Page 440
9.2.4 Structural design......Page 441
9.2.5 Earthing system......Page 442
9.2.6 Air pressure/Cooling system......Page 443
10.1 Definitions and electrical parameters for switchgear......Page 445
10.2.1 Rotary disconnectors......Page 450
10.2.2 Single-column (pantograph) disconnector TFB......Page 452
10.2.3 Two-column vertical break disconnectors......Page 455
10.2.4 Single-column earthing switches......Page 456
10.2.5 Operating mechanisms for disconnectors and earthing switches......Page 457
10.3 Switch disconnectors......Page 458
10.4.1 Function, selection......Page 459
10.4.2 Design of circuit-breakers for high-voltage (> 52 kV)......Page 460
10.4.3 Interrupting principle and important switching cases......Page 463
10.4.4 Quenching media and operating principle......Page 470
10.4.5 Operating mechanism and control......Page 473
10.5.1 Definitions and electrical quantities......Page 478
10.5.2 Current transformer......Page 482
10.5.3 Inductive voltage transformers......Page 490
10.5.4 Capacitive voltage transformers......Page 491
10.5.5 Non-conventional transformers......Page 493
10.6.1 Design, operating principle......Page 500
10.6.2 Application and selection of MO surge arresters......Page 502
11.1.1 Summary......Page 507
11.1.2 Circuit configurations for high- and medium-voltage switchgear\rinstallations......Page 508
11.2.1 General......Page 515
11.2.2 SF 6 gas as insulating and arc-quenching medium......Page 516
11.2.3 GIS for 72.5 to 800 kV......Page 517
11.2.4 SMART-GIS......Page 520
11.2.5 Station arrangement......Page 521
11.2.6 Station layouts......Page 522
11.2.7 SF 6 -insulated busbar links......Page 525
11.3.1 Requirements, clearances......Page 526
11.3.2 Arrangement and components......Page 527
11.3.3 Switchyard layouts......Page 535
11.4.1.2 Monitoring in switchgear installations......Page 546
11.4.1.3 Status-oriented maintenance......Page 547
11.4.2.1 Compact outdoor switchgear installations......Page 549
11.4.2.2 Hybrid switchgear installations......Page 552
11.4.2.3 Prefabricated, modular transformer substations (MUW ® )......Page 554
11.4.3 Modular planning of transformer substations......Page 557
11.4.3.2 From the customer requirement to the modular system solution......Page 558
11.5.1 General......Page 559
11.5.2 Selection of main data for HVDC transmission......Page 560
11.5.3 Components of a HVDC station......Page 561
11.5.4 Station layout......Page 564
11.6.1 Applications......Page 565
11.6. 2 Types of compensator......Page 566
11.6.3 Systems in operation......Page 568
12.1.1 Design, types and dimensions......Page 569
12.1.2 Vector groups and connections......Page 572
12.1.3 Impedance voltage, voltage variation and short-circuit current withstand......Page 574
12.1.4 Losses, cooling and overload capacity......Page 577
12.1.5 Parallel operation......Page 580
12.1.6 Protective devices for transformers......Page 582
12.1.7 Noise levels and means of noise abatement......Page 583
12.2.1 Dimensioning......Page 584
12.2.2 Reactor connection......Page 586
12.2.3 Installation of reactors......Page 587
12.3.1 Power capacitors......Page 588
12.3.2 Compensation of reactive power......Page 589
12.4 Resistor devices......Page 597
12.5 Rectifiers......Page 599
13.1.1 Properties of conductor materials......Page 605
13.1.2 Busbars for switchgear installations......Page 606
13.1.3 Drilled holes and bolted joints for busbar conductors......Page 627
13.1.4 Technical values for stranded-wire conductors......Page 635
13.1.5 Post-type insulators and overhead-line insulators......Page 645
13.2.1 Specifications, general......Page 663
13.2.2 Current-carrying capacity......Page 665
13.2.3 Selection and protection......Page 690
13.2.4 Installation of cables and wires......Page 698
13.2.5 Cables for control, instrument transformers and auxiliary supply in high-voltage\rswitchgear installations......Page 702
13.2.6 Telecommunications cables......Page 705
13.2.7 Data of standard VDE, British and US cables......Page 707
13.2.8 Power cable accessories for low and medium-voltage......Page 714
13.3 Safe working equipment in switchgear installations......Page 724
14.1 Introduction......Page 729
14.2.1 Protection relays and protection systems......Page 731
14.2.2 Advantages of numeric relays......Page 734
14.2.4 Generator unit protection......Page 735
14.3 Control, measurement and regulation (secondary systems)......Page 738
14.3.2 Interlocking......Page 739
14.3.3 Control......Page 740
14.3.4 Indication......Page 742
14.3.5 Measurement......Page 743
14.3.6 Synchronizing......Page 749
14.3.7 Metering......Page 750
14.3.8 Recording and logging......Page 756
14.3.9 Automatic switching control......Page 757
14.3.10 Transformer control and voltage regulation......Page 760
14.3.11 Station control rooms......Page 763
14.4.2 Microprocessor and conventional secondary systems compared......Page 764
14.4.3 Structure of computerized control systems......Page 765
14.4.4 Fibre-optic cables......Page 769
14.5.1 Functions of network control systems......Page 771
14.5.2 Control centres with process computers for central network management......Page 773
14.5.3 Control centres, design and equipment......Page 778
14.5.4 Telecontrol and telecontrol systems......Page 781
14.5.5 Transmission techniques......Page 784
14.5.6 Technical conditions for telecontrol systems and interfaces with\rsubstations......Page 785
14.6.1 Purpose of ripple control and load management......Page 789
14.6.2 Principle and components for ripple-control systems......Page 790
14.6.3 Ripple-control command centre......Page 792
14.6.4 Equipment for ripple control......Page 793
14.6.5 Ripple control receivers......Page 795
16.1.1 Structural steel, general......Page 797
16.1.2 Dimensions and weights of steel bars, sections and tubes......Page 798
16.2.2 Aluminium for electrical engineering......Page 805
16.2.3 Brass......Page 806
16.3.1 Solid insulating materials......Page 807
16.3.2 Liquid insulating materials......Page 812
16.4.1 Dimensions and weights of metal sheets, DIN EN 10130......Page 813
16.4.2 Slotted steel strip......Page 814
16.4.3 Screws and accessories......Page 815
16.4.4 Threads for bolts and screws......Page 817
16.4.5 Threads for electrical engineering......Page 818
17.1 DIN VDE specifications and IEC publications for substation\rdesign......Page 819
17.3 Quality in switchgear......Page 855
17.4 Notable events and achievements in the history of ABB switchgear\rtechnology......Page 857
ABB_Manual_10E_18s......Page 861