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ویرایش: 2 نویسندگان: Austin J. Lewis, Lincoln Lee Southern سری: ISBN (شابک) : 0849306965, 9780849306969 ناشر: CRC Press سال نشر: 2001 تعداد صفحات: 975 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 29 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Swine nutrition به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب تغذیه خوک نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
Swine Nutrition: Second Edition با 42 فصل تألیف شده توسط کارشناسان برجسته بین المللی، مرجعی جامع است که تمام جنبه های تغذیه خوک ها را پوشش می دهد. این کتاب به همان اندازه به عنوان یک کتاب درسی پیشرفته در مقطع کارشناسی و کارشناسی ارشد و همچنین مرجعی برای هر کسی که در هر جنبه ای از تولید خوک کار می کند مناسب است. این کتاب با پوشش کلی ویژگی های خوکی و صنعت خوکی با تأکید بر دستگاه گوارش آغاز می شود. سپس طبقات مختلف مواد مغذی و نحوه متابولیزه شدن این مواد مغذی توسط خوک و عوامل مؤثر بر استفاده از آنها را شرح می دهد. بخش بعدی جنبههای عملی تغذیه خوکها از بدو تولد تا بارداری و شیردهی در خروسها و تا تغذیه گرازهای بالغ را پوشش میدهد. جنبه های تغذیه ای مواد غذایی مختلف که معمولاً به خوک ها تغذیه می شود در بخش زیر پوشش داده شده است. فصول پایانی کتاب به پوشش تکنیک های مختلف مورد استفاده در تحقیقات تغذیه خوکی اختصاص دارد.
With 42 chapters authored by leading international experts, Swine Nutrition: Second Edition is a comprehensive reference that covers all aspects of the nutrition of pigs. It is equally suitable as an advanced undergraduate and graduate textbook as well as a reference for anyone working in any aspect of pig production.The book begins with a general coverage of the characteristics of swine and the swine industry with emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract. It then describes the various classes of nutrients and how these nutrients are metabolized by swine and the factors affecting their utilization. The next section covers the practical aspects of swine nutrition from birth through gestation and lactation in sows and to the feeding of adult boars. The nutritional aspects of the various feedstuffs commonly fed to swine are covered in the following section. The final chapters of the book are devoted to coverage of various techniques used in swine nutrition research.
SWINE NUTRITION, SECOND EDITION......Page 2
Dedication......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Editors......Page 6
Contributors......Page 7
Contents......Page 11
Part I: General Characteristics of Swine......Page 16
A. PIG DOMESTICATION......Page 17
B. DEMOGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS......Page 18
A. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM......Page 20
C. COMPARATIVE NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF PIGS AND HUMANS......Page 21
C. PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 23
C. PHYTASE AND MINERAL-RELATED METABOLIC DISORDERS......Page 24
V. PORK IN THE HUMAN DIET......Page 25
B. PORK ACCEPTABILITY......Page 26
3. Environmental Stability......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 29
I. THE PAST......Page 33
II. THE PRESENT......Page 34
III. THE FUTURE......Page 37
V. PRODUCTION SYSTEMS......Page 38
A. FARROWING FACILITIES......Page 39
C. GROWING-FINISHING FACILITIES......Page 41
D. BREEDING FACILITIES......Page 42
E. GESTATION FACILITIES......Page 43
REFERENCES......Page 44
CONTENTS......Page 45
A. THE MOUTH AND SALIVARY GLANDS......Page 46
E. THE PANCREAS......Page 48
F. THE SMALL INTESTINE......Page 50
A. SALIVARY SECRETION......Page 52
B. GASTRIC SECRETION......Page 53
C. BILE SECRETION......Page 54
D. PANCREATIC EXOCRINE SECRETION......Page 56
E. SMALL INTESTINE WALL SECRETION......Page 59
B. CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION AND FERMENTATION IN THE STOMACH......Page 60
1. Luminal Digestion......Page 61
2. Mucosal Digestion......Page 62
G. LARGE INTESTINAL DIGESTION AND FERMENTATION......Page 63
H. ABSORPTION OF GUT VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS......Page 64
A. GASTRIC DIGESTION OF PROTEIN......Page 65
C. BACTERIAL DIGESTION OF PROTEIN IN THE LARGE INTESTINE......Page 66
D. ABSORPTION OF PRODUCTS OF PROTEIN DIGESTION......Page 67
B. FAT DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE......Page 68
A. SMALL INTESTINE ABSORPTION......Page 69
VIII. MEASUREMENTS OF NUTRIENT DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 71
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 78
II. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL BODY COMPOSITION......Page 79
III. GROWTH PATTERNS FOR THE WHOLE BODY AND BODY COMPONENTS......Page 81
B. COMBINE AVERAGE GROWTH RATE WITH A STANDARD GROWTH CURVE SHAPE FOR BODY COMPONENTS......Page 84
A. PIG GENOTYPE......Page 85
1. Maintenance Energy and Nutrient Requirements — Basal Metabolic Rate......Page 86
3. Relationship between Energy Intake over Maintenance and Body Protein Deposition......Page 87
4. Voluntary Feed Intake......Page 89
2. Energy Intake......Page 90
REFERENCES......Page 91
Part II: Nutrient Utilization by Swine......Page 95
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 96
II. ENERGY EVALUATION OF FEED INGREDIENTS......Page 98
A. GROWTH......Page 99
IV. NUTRIENT-TO-ENERGY RATIOS......Page 100
C. ENVIRONMENT......Page 101
B. GROWTH......Page 102
D. LACTATION......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 104
II. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 106
III. FAT QUALITY......Page 109
IV. SPECIFIC USES OF FAT......Page 110
V. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS......Page 111
VII. EFFECTS OF FAT ON PERFORMANCE......Page 112
REFERENCES......Page 114
CONTENTS......Page 117
II. HOW ARE NONSTARCH POLYSACCHARIDES QUANTIFIED?......Page 118
IV. WHAT ARE THE NONSTARCH POLYSACCHARIDE AND OLIGOSACCHARIDE CONCENTRATIONS OF SELECTED INGREDIENTS IN SWINE FEEDS?......Page 119
V. DIGESTION OF NONSTARCH POLYSACCHARIDES AND OLIGOSACCHARIDES BY SWINE......Page 120
C. FERMENTATION OF NONSTARCH POLYSACCHARIDES AND OLIGOSACCHARIDES IN THE SWINE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT......Page 122
D. ENERGY VALUE OF VFA......Page 123
C. PROTEIN......Page 124
VII. NONSTARCH POLYSACCHARIDE EFFECTS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND BODY COMPOSITION OF GROWING SWINE......Page 125
VIII. NONSTARCH POLYSACCHARIDE INTERACTIONS WITH AMBIENT TEMPERATURE......Page 126
XI. NONSTARCH POLYSACCHARIDE EFFECTS ON SOWS......Page 127
A. EFFECTS OF NONSTARCH POLYSACCHARIDES ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE......Page 128
C. EFFECTS OF NONSTARCH POLYSACCHARIDES ON SOW BEHAVIOR......Page 131
A. DIET FORMULATION AND FEEDING MANAGEMENT......Page 132
XIII. EFFECTS OF NONSTARCH POLYSACCHARIDES ON AMMONIA EMISSION......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 134
CONTENTS......Page 141
B. USE OF NONPROTEIN NITROGEN......Page 142
B. CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS......Page 143
2. The Essential: Nonessential Amino Acid Ratio......Page 145
B. AMINO ACID DISPROPORTIONS......Page 146
A. CEREAL GRAINS......Page 147
B. PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS......Page 148
VI. AMINO ACID BIOAVAILABILITY......Page 149
VIII. USE OF CRYSTALLINE AMINO ACIDS......Page 150
B. FREQUENCY OF FEEDING......Page 151
D. AMINO ACIDS AS NUTRACEUTICALS......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 153
CONTENTS......Page 161
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 162
A. SLOPE-RATIO ASSAY......Page 163
B. APPARENT ILEAL AMINO ACID DIGESTIBILITIES......Page 164
G. SUMMARY......Page 165
1. Direct Method......Page 169
3. Regression Method......Page 170
4. Rapid Measurement......Page 171
D. SELECTION OF AN INDIGESTIBLE MARKER......Page 172
A. SLAUGHTER METHOD......Page 173
D. ILEO-RECTAL ANASTOMOSIS......Page 174
G. COMPARISONS BETWEEN COLLECTION PROCEDURES......Page 175
B. MEASUREMENT OF ENDOGENOUS AMINO ACID LOSSES......Page 176
4. Regression Method......Page 177
6. Homoarginine Method......Page 178
A. DRY MATTER INTAKE AND BODY WEIGHT......Page 179
B. INGREDIENT AND FEED PROCESSING......Page 180
C. LEVEL OF PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS IN THE DIET......Page 181
E. LEVEL AND SOURCE OF DIETARY FAT......Page 182
F. FIBER TYPE, LEVEL, AND FIBER-DEGRADING ENZYMES......Page 183
H. TRYPSIN INHIBITORS......Page 184
J. TANNINS......Page 185
L. ORGANIC ACIDS......Page 186
REFERENCES......Page 187
CONTENTS......Page 197
A. GENERAL COMMENTS AND MAJOR REVIEW REFERENCES......Page 198
1. Body Composition and Compartments......Page 199
2. Skeletal Tissue Composition and Function......Page 201
2. Homeostasis, Absorption, and Excretion......Page 202
3. Skeleton Storage and Mobilization......Page 205
B. FUNCTIONS FROM SKELETON MINERALIZATION TO CELL SIGNAL......Page 206
D. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS......Page 207
1. Physical–Chemical Properties......Page 208
3. Interference with P Absorption and Availability......Page 209
E. TOXICITY......Page 210
2. Absorption and Metabolic Synthesis of Active Forms......Page 211
C. REQUIREMENTS......Page 213
2. Absorption and Metabolic Synthesis of Active Forms......Page 214
1. gamma-Carboxylation Reactions......Page 216
C. ASSESSMENT OF VITAMIN K STATUS......Page 217
D. DEFICIENCY......Page 218
REFERENCES......Page 219
CONTENTS......Page 223
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 224
A. WATER HOMEOSTASIS......Page 225
C. NUTRIENT DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, AND TRANSPORT......Page 226
B. FUNCTION......Page 227
F. SOURCES......Page 228
B. FUNCTIONS......Page 229
V. POTASSIUM......Page 230
F. SOURCES......Page 231
B. FUNCTION......Page 232
E. TOXICITY......Page 233
B. FUNCTION......Page 234
REFERENCES......Page 235
CONTENTS......Page 238
A. ESSENTIALITY AND TOXICITY......Page 239
B. INTERACTIONS......Page 240
C. ANALYSIS......Page 241
B. FUNCTION......Page 242
III. COBALT......Page 243
C. TRANSPORT......Page 244
2. Amine and Diamine Oxidases......Page 245
4. Cytochrome c Oxidase......Page 246
7. Growth Stimulant at Pharmacological Concentrations......Page 247
2. Blood......Page 248
4. Reproduction......Page 249
C. DEFICIENCY......Page 250
B. ABSORPTION......Page 251
D. TRANSPORT......Page 252
G. FUNCTIONS......Page 253
A. INTRODUCTION......Page 254
F. TOXICITY......Page 255
B. ABSORPTION......Page 256
C. TRANSPORT......Page 258
1. Enzymes......Page 259
1. Growth and Appetite......Page 260
4. Metallothionein......Page 261
IX. OTHER TRACE ELEMENTS......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 263
A. NOMENCLATURE AND OCCURRENCE......Page 271
1. Biological Availability......Page 273
3. Determination of Vitamin A Levels and Activity......Page 274
B. USE OF VITAMIN A AND Beta-CAROTENE IN THE BREEDING HERD......Page 275
A. ABSORPTION OF VITAMIN A......Page 276
B. ABSORPTION OF CAROTENOIDS......Page 277
C. UPTAKE AND STORAGE OF VITAMIN A BY THE LIVER......Page 278
E. CAROTENOID STORAGE, TRANSPORT, AND INTERACTIONS......Page 279
A. ROLE OF VITAMIN A IN VISION......Page 280
C. ROLE OF VITAMIN A AND Beta-CAROTENE IN REPRODUCTION......Page 281
A. CLINICAL SYMPTOMS IN PIGS......Page 283
D. OTHER FACTORS LEADING TO VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY......Page 284
B. BONE TOXICITY ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH LEVELS OF VITAMIN A......Page 285
REFERENCES......Page 286
CONTENTS......Page 289
II. SOIL SUPPLY OF AVAILABLE SELENIUM......Page 290
III. PLANT AND GRAIN SOURCES OF SELENIUM......Page 291
IV. PLANT AND GRAIN SOURCES OF VITAMIN E......Page 292
A. SELENIUM......Page 294
B. VITAMIN E......Page 295
B. VITAMIN E......Page 297
A. SELENIUM......Page 298
B. VITAMIN E......Page 299
1. Selenium......Page 300
B. IMMUNE FUNCTION......Page 301
A. SELENIUM......Page 302
A. TISSUE RESPONSES......Page 303
XI. FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SELENIUM AND VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY IN SWINE......Page 304
A. GENERAL......Page 305
XIII. SELENIUM AND VITAMIN E DURING THE NURSING AND POSTNATAL PERIOD......Page 306
A. GROWTH......Page 307
A. SOWS......Page 308
A. SELENIUM......Page 311
XVII. DIETARY REQUIREMENTS......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 314
CONTENTS......Page 323
A. HISTORY......Page 325
2. Function......Page 326
D. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS......Page 327
A. HISTORY......Page 328
D. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS......Page 329
G. SOURCES......Page 330
1. Digestion and Absorption......Page 331
D. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS......Page 332
A. HISTORY......Page 333
2. Function......Page 334
G. SOURCES......Page 335
2. Functions......Page 336
F. DETERMINATION OF STATUS......Page 337
1. Digestion and Absorption......Page 338
E. DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY SIGNS......Page 339
B. STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE......Page 340
D. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS......Page 341
F. DETERMINATION OF STATUS......Page 342
1. Digestion and Absorption......Page 343
E. DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY SIGNS......Page 344
B. STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE......Page 345
2. Functions......Page 346
F. DETERMINATION OF STATUS......Page 347
1. Digestion and Absorption......Page 348
D. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS......Page 349
REFERENCES......Page 350
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 364
A. CALCIUM......Page 365
1. Phytate......Page 366
E. POTASSIUM......Page 367
H. IRON......Page 368
J. SELENIUM......Page 370
K. ZINC......Page 371
A. VITAMIN A......Page 372
B. VITAMIN D......Page 373
E. BIOTIN......Page 374
F. CHOLINE......Page 375
G. FOLACIN......Page 376
J. RIBOFLAVIN......Page 377
L. VITAMIN B6......Page 378
REFERENCES......Page 379
I. FUNCTIONS OF WATER......Page 387
III. ROUTES OF WATER EXCRETION BY SWINE......Page 388
A. SUCKLING PIGS......Page 389
D. GESTATING SOWS......Page 391
G. SUMMARY OF WATER REQUIREMENTS OF SWINE......Page 392
VI. WATER DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR PIGS......Page 393
VII. CONSEQUENCES OF AN INADEQUATE WATER INTAKE......Page 395
VIII. REDUCING WATER WASTAGE IN SWINE OPERATIONS......Page 396
A. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS......Page 397
C. HARDNESS......Page 398
G. DEALING WITH POOR-QUALITY WATER......Page 399
REFERENCES......Page 401
Part III: Factors That Influence Swine Nutrition......Page 405
A. DEFINITION OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND PROMICROBIAL AGENTS......Page 406
B. BACKGROUND ON USE OF ANTIMICROBIALS......Page 407
C. BACKGROUND ON USE OF PROMICROBIALS......Page 409
A. EFFICACY OF ANTIMICROBIALS AS GROWTH PROMOTERS......Page 410
1. Metabolic Effect......Page 414
2. Nutritional Effect......Page 416
3. Disease Control Effect......Page 417
D. PROPER USAGE — RESIDUE AVOIDANCE......Page 418
E. SAFETY OF ANTIMICROBIALS......Page 419
A. EFFICACY OF PROMICROBIALS......Page 422
B. MODE OF ACTION OF PROMICROBIALS......Page 423
IV. MISCELLANEOUS AGENTS......Page 424
REFERENCES......Page 426
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 432
II. NUTRIENT PARTITIONING......Page 433
A. GROWTH......Page 434
B. LACTATION......Page 437
IV. Beta-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS......Page 438
A. NUTRACEUTICALS......Page 440
VI. INTERACTIONS WITH IMMUNE FUNCTION......Page 441
VII. IMPACT OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT ON NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS......Page 443
A. AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS......Page 444
C. MINERAL AND VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS......Page 446
REFERENCES......Page 447
II. PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FEED INTAKE......Page 452
III. NUTRITIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING VOLUNTARY FEED INTAKE......Page 453
IV. ANIMAL FACTORS INFLUENCING VOLUNTARY FEED INTAKE......Page 456
V. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING VOLUNTARY FEED INTAKE......Page 459
VI. FEEDING BEHAVIOR......Page 463
VII. MEASURING AND PREDICTING FEED INTAKE......Page 467
REFERENCES......Page 468
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 473
III. GRINDING FEEDSTUFFS......Page 474
IV. MILL TYPE......Page 478
V. MIXING DIETS......Page 480
VI. PELLETING......Page 484
VII. PELLET SIZE......Page 485
IX. PELLET MILL CONDITIONERS......Page 487
X. PELLET BINDERS......Page 489
XI. EXTRUSION OF CEREALS AND COMPLETE DIETS......Page 490
XII. EXTRUDED SOYBEANS......Page 492
XIII. STOMACH MORPHOLOGY......Page 494
REFERENCES......Page 496
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 502
B. DIURNAL PATTERNS AND LIGHT:DARK SEQUENCES......Page 503
D. FEED RESTRICTION......Page 504
A. NUMBER OF FEEDING SPACES......Page 505
B. QUALITY OF FEEDING SPACES......Page 506
C. FEEDER DESIGN AND FEED WASTAGE......Page 507
D. WET AND WET/DRY FEEDERS......Page 508
E. SOCIAL FACILITATION......Page 509
A. GENERAL......Page 511
B. EXTRANEOUS VOLTAGE......Page 512
A. GENERAL......Page 513
B. PIGS PER SOCIAL GROUP......Page 515
C. INTERACTION OF DIET AND SPACE......Page 516
REFERENCES......Page 517
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 522
II. GENERAL ASPECTS......Page 523
2. Susceptibility of the Newborn to Cold during the Critical Period of 24 to 48 h after Birth......Page 525
4. Provision of Energy......Page 526
5. Provision of an Adequate Microenvironment......Page 528
B. THE REMAINDER OF THE SUCKLING PERIOD......Page 529
1. Ambient Temperature......Page 530
1. Feed Intake......Page 532
2. Growth Rate and Feed Efficiency......Page 534
3. Carcass Composition......Page 535
B. THE PREGNANT AND LACTATING SOW......Page 537
A. DIETARY ENERGY CONCENTRATION......Page 538
B. AMINO ACID SUPPLY AND BALANCE......Page 539
VI. CONCLUSION: SIGNIFICANCE OF AN OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE......Page 540
REFERENCES......Page 541
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 548
II. BASIC CONCEPTS IN PORCINE IMMUNOLOGY......Page 549
III. INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES ALTER METABOLISM......Page 550
IV. IMPACT OF CYTOKINES ON NITROGEN METABOLISM......Page 551
V. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM......Page 553
A. AMINO ACIDS......Page 554
B. LIPIDS......Page 556
C. ZINC......Page 557
D. IRON AND COPPER......Page 558
F. VITAMIN A......Page 559
REFERENCES......Page 560
A. INTRODUCTION......Page 566
1. Aflatoxin......Page 568
2. Ochratoxins......Page 569
C. FUSARIUM TOXINS......Page 570
a. Deoxynivalenol or vomitoxin......Page 571
2. Zearalenone......Page 572
3. Fumonisins......Page 573
D. MYCOTOXIN INTERACTIONS......Page 574
A. INTRODUCTION......Page 575
B. PROTEASE INHIBITORS......Page 576
C. LECTINS......Page 577
D. TANNINS......Page 578
E. OTHER FACTORS......Page 579
F. REDUCING ANTINUTRITIONAL FACTORS......Page 580
REFERENCES......Page 581
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 587
II. WHO COMPRISES THE NORMAL MICROBIOTA?......Page 588
III. WHERE ARE THEY?......Page 590
1. Colonization Resistance......Page 591
2. The Intestinal Immune System......Page 592
a. The mucus layer......Page 593
c. The lamina propria......Page 594
e. Secretory IgA......Page 595
3. Nutritional Contributions......Page 596
B. COMPETITIVE OR NEGATIVE EFFECTS......Page 597
a. Amines......Page 598
c. Phenols and indoles......Page 599
2. Bile Acid Biotransformation......Page 600
3. Mucin Degradation......Page 601
V. MOLECULAR ECOLOGY......Page 602
VI. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK......Page 604
REFERENCES......Page 605
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 611
II. BACKGROUND OF PROBLEM AND CHALLENGES......Page 612
III. NUTRITION AND FEEDING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE EXCRETION OF NUTRIENTS......Page 613
C. REDUCE NUTRIENT EXCESSES THAT ARE FED......Page 616
D. USE OF CRYSTALLINE AMINO ACIDS AND HIGH-QUALITY PROTEIN......Page 618
E. ENHANCE NUTRIENT UTILIZATION THROUGH PROCESSING AND ADDITIONS OF ENZYMES AND OTHER FEED ADDITIVES......Page 619
G. USE OF PHASE FEEDING AND SPLIT-SEX FEEDING......Page 621
H. REDUCE FEED WASTE......Page 622
I. FOLLOW THE PRINCIPLES OF DIMINISHING RETURNS TO USE OPTIMAL LEVELS OF NUTRIENTS......Page 623
IV. NUTRITION AND FEEDING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE ODORS......Page 624
A. REDUCE NITROGEN LEVELS AND IMPROVE AMINO ACID BALANCE TO REDUCE pH AND TOTAL N, AMMONIA, AND WATER EXCRETION......Page 625
C. MANIPULATE MICROBES TO ALTER ODOR EMISSION......Page 626
V. SUMMARY......Page 627
REFERENCES......Page 628
CONTENTS......Page 633
A. BIOCHEMICAL......Page 634
1. Stress......Page 635
2. Muscle Physiology......Page 636
1. Protein......Page 637
3. Fat......Page 638
III. EARLY POST-MORTEM CONDITIONING EFFECTS ON PORK QUALITY......Page 639
IV. FEEDING FOR QUALITY......Page 640
A. PRESLAUGHTER FEED WITHDRAWAL......Page 641
C. MANIPULATING PRESLAUGHTER CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE......Page 642
D. MANIPULATION OF PRESLAUGHTER PROTEIN AND/OR AMINO ACIDS......Page 643
1. General......Page 644
2. Conjugated Linoleic Acid......Page 646
1. Vitamin D......Page 647
2. Vitamin E......Page 648
4. Chromium......Page 649
REFERENCES......Page 656
A. TRANSCRIPTION......Page 661
A. A MINERAL EXAMPLE: METALLOTHIONEIN......Page 663
B. A CARBOHYDRATE EXAMPLE: FATTY ACID SYNTHASE......Page 664
2. Role of PPAR in Nutritional Regulation of Gene Expression......Page 665
REFERENCES......Page 667
Part IV: Applied Feeding of Swine......Page 670
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 671
II. ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL REARING......Page 672
IV. ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS......Page 673
VI. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS......Page 674
A. PANCREATIC ENZYMES......Page 675
B. INTESTINAL ENZYMES......Page 676
VIII. PROTEIN SOURCES AND UTILIZATION......Page 677
IX. CARBOHYDRATE SOURCES AND UTILIZATION......Page 678
X. FAT SOURCES AND UTILIZATION......Page 679
XII. THE EFFECT OF NUTRITION ON DIARRHEA......Page 680
XIV. SUBSEQUENT PERFORMANCE......Page 681
REFERENCES......Page 682
CONTENTS......Page 691
II. DIGESTIVE CAPACITY......Page 692
B. AMINO ACIDS......Page 693
E. WATER......Page 694
B. EFFECT OF ANTIGEN EXPOSURE ON PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF PIGS......Page 695
1. Lactose......Page 696
2. Other Carbohydrate Sources......Page 697
1. Plasma Protein......Page 698
2. Other Animal Sources......Page 699
3. Plant Sources......Page 700
C. MINERALS......Page 701
2. Copper......Page 702
6. Organic Acids......Page 703
B. RECOMMENDED INGREDIENTS AND FEEDING PRACTICES FOR A PHASED-FEEDING PROGRAM......Page 704
REFERENCES......Page 706
SWINE NUTRITION, SECOND EDITION......Page 715
A. GENETICS......Page 716
C. STAGE OF MATURITY......Page 717
A. FEED WASTAGE......Page 718
D. ANTIBIOTICS......Page 719
F. FEED PROCESSING AND PELLETING......Page 720
REFERENCES......Page 721
CONTENTS......Page 723
A. OBJECTIVES OF GILT FEEDING PROGRAM......Page 724
2. Body Condition and Feeding Intensity on Reproductive Performance......Page 725
3. Nutrition and Locomotor Problems......Page 726
4. Nutrient Needs and Practical Feeding Recommendations......Page 727
C. OCCURRENCE OF PUBERTY......Page 728
1. Nutrition and Hormone Interactions......Page 729
2. Dietary Nutrient Supply and Occurrence of Puberty......Page 730
E. PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 731
C. FEEDING STRATEGIES......Page 733
2. Phase Feeding......Page 734
3. Interval Feeding......Page 735
D. MAMMARY DEVELOPMENT......Page 736
1. Maintenance......Page 737
3. Maternal Weight Gain......Page 738
A. OBJECTIVES......Page 740
1. Postfarrowing Appetite Depression and Factors That Affect Lactation Feed Intake......Page 741
C. LACTATION AND BODY WEIGHT LOSS......Page 742
2. Nutrition and Reproduction Interaction......Page 743
1. Milk Production and Nutrient Composition......Page 744
2. Nutrient Uptake by the Mammary Gland......Page 747
1. Amino Acid Requirements......Page 748
2. Energy Requirement......Page 750
A. COMMON FEED INGREDIENTS......Page 752
B. USE OF DIETARY FIBER......Page 753
3. Chromium......Page 755
D. DIETARY FAT......Page 756
B. IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES......Page 757
VII. FEEDING FROM WEANING TO REBREEDING......Page 758
REFERENCES......Page 759
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 768
II. EFFECTS OF PROTEIN AND ENERGY INTAKE ON REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPING BOARS......Page 769
A. EFFECTS OF PROTEIN INTAKE......Page 770
B. EFFECTS OF ENERGY INTAKE......Page 772
A. MAINTENANCE......Page 774
C. REPRODUCTION......Page 775
B. CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, AND BIOTIN......Page 776
REFERENCES......Page 777
Part V: Feedstuffs Included in Swine Diets......Page 780
I. GRAIN PRODUCTION......Page 781
II. ENERGY AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF CEREAL GRAINS......Page 783
A. ENERGY-YIELDING CONSTITUENTS......Page 784
B. AMINO ACID CONTENT AND BIOAVAILABILITY......Page 788
C. MINERALS......Page 790
E. WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS......Page 791
G. ANTINUTRITIVE FACTORS IN GRAINS......Page 792
IV. GENETIC MODIFICATIONS TO IMPROVE CEREAL GRAINS......Page 794
A. STARCH FORM AND AVAILABILITY......Page 795
C. OIL CONCENTRATION......Page 796
VII. SUSTAINABILITY OF GRAIN PRODUCTION......Page 797
REFERENCES......Page 798
CONTENTS......Page 799
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 800
II. DIET FORMULATION......Page 801
A. OILSEED MEALS IN GENERAL......Page 803
3. Antinutritional Factors......Page 805
1. Introduction......Page 806
4. Feeding Canola Seed (Rapeseed) and Meal to Pigs......Page 807
3. Antinutritional Factors......Page 808
3. Antinutritional Factors......Page 809
4. Feeding Cottonseed Meal to Pigs......Page 810
4. Feeding Linseed (Flax) Meal to Pigs......Page 811
3. Antinutritional Factors......Page 812
1. Introduction......Page 813
4. Feeding Safflower Meal to Pigs......Page 814
1. Introduction......Page 815
3. Antinutritional Factors......Page 816
1. Introduction......Page 817
4. Feeding Sunflower Seeds and Meal to Pigs......Page 818
1. Introduction......Page 819
1. Introduction......Page 820
1. Introduction......Page 821
1. Introduction......Page 822
2. Feeding Meat Meal to Pigs......Page 823
2. Feeding Plasma Protein to Pigs......Page 824
1. Introduction......Page 825
REFERENCES......Page 826
CONTENTS......Page 834
A. GROSS COMPOSITION AND QUALITY......Page 835
G. PERISHABILITY......Page 836
B. CANE MOLASSES AND SUGARCANE JUICE......Page 837
F. GRAIN SCREENINGS......Page 838
I. RICE AND RICE BY-PRODUCTS......Page 839
L. TRITICALE......Page 840
B. CANOLA SEEDS......Page 841
E. FISH SILAGE......Page 842
H. MUNG BEANS......Page 843
J. PEAS......Page 844
M. SUNFLOWER SEEDS......Page 845
B. LIQUID WHEY......Page 846
VIII. SUMMARY......Page 847
REFERENCES......Page 853
Part VI: Techniques in Swine Nutrition Research......Page 860
A. WHY USE MODELING......Page 861
C. MODEL CLASSIFICATIONS AND DEFINITIONS......Page 862
II. DESCRIPTION OF MODELS WITH SPECIFIC APPLICATION TO SWINE NUTRITION......Page 864
1. Simulation of Energy and Amino Acid Utilization in the Pig......Page 866
2. Lactating Sow Metabolism Model......Page 867
3. Computer Simulation Model of Swine Production Systems......Page 869
C. HOW WILL SWINE NUTRITIONISTS BENEFIT?......Page 871
REFERENCES......Page 872
CONTENTS......Page 874
B. PREEXPERIMENT PROTOCOL......Page 875
D. SENSITIVITY......Page 877
A. RANDOMIZATION......Page 878
A. TREATMENT STRUCTURE......Page 879
1. General Designs......Page 880
2. Extensions and Modifications......Page 881
3. Split-Plots and Repeated Measures......Page 882
VI. METHODS OF IMPROVING PRECISION OF DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS......Page 883
A. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING......Page 886
C. USE AND MISUSE OF MULTIPLE COMPARISON PROCEDURES......Page 890
B. STATISTICS IN MANUSCRIPTS......Page 891
IX. ROLE OF THE STATISTICIAN IN EXPERIMENTATION......Page 892
REFERENCES......Page 893
SWINE NUTRITION, SECOND EDITION......Page 894
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 895
A. QUANTITATIVE FEED AND FECES (TOTAL COLLECTION) METHOD......Page 896
C. DIRECT AND DIFFERENCE (INDIRECT) APPROACHES......Page 898
D. TOTAL COLLECTION VS. INDEX METHODS......Page 899
A. CEREAL GRAINS, PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS, FATS, AND OILS......Page 901
B. ENERGY RETENTION AND HEAT PRODUCTION......Page 902
2. Carbon–Nitrogen Balance Technique......Page 903
A. APPARENT NITROGEN DIGESTIBILITY AND BALANCE......Page 904
B. ESTIMATING ENDOGENOUS NITROGEN LOSS......Page 905
REFERENCES......Page 907
CONTENTS......Page 909
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 910
III. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BASIS FOR COMPOSITION MEASUREMENT......Page 911
A. SUBJECTIVE METHODS......Page 913
3. Densitometry (Specific Gravity)......Page 914
4. Dissection and Chemical Analysis......Page 915
5. Models......Page 916
C. DILUTION METHODS......Page 918
1. Deuterium Oxide......Page 919
1. Creatinine Excretion......Page 920
1. Bioelectrical Impedance......Page 921
2. Total-Body Electrical Conductivity......Page 923
3. X-Ray Absorptiometry......Page 924
4. Near-Infrared Interactance......Page 926
5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy......Page 927
2. Neutron Activation......Page 928
G. IMAGE ANALYSIS......Page 929
1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 930
2. X-Ray Computed Axial Tomography......Page 934
3. Ultrasound......Page 937
V. SUMMARY......Page 938
REFERENCES......Page 939
CONTENTS......Page 953
A. VENIPUNCTURE OF ANTERIOR VENA CAVA......Page 954
B. VENIPUNCTURE OF BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEIN......Page 955
E. VENIPUNCTURE OF EAR VEINS......Page 956
A. EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN-VENA CAVA CATHETERIZATION BY CUTANEOUS PUNCTURE......Page 957
B. CATHETERIZATION OF JUGULAR VEINS OR CAROTID ARTERY VIA CUT-DOWN METHODS......Page 958
D. ABDOMINAL AORTA CATHETERIZATION VIA SAPHENOUS ARTERY......Page 959
F. PORTAL AND ILEAL VEIN CATHETERIZATION......Page 960
IV. CARE AND USE OF SWINE IN EXPERIMENTAL SURGERY......Page 961
VII. ANESTHESIA......Page 962
VIII. MONITORING THE ANIMAL DURING AND AFTER SURGERY......Page 963
A. NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY STUDIES......Page 964
B. NET PORTAL NUTRIENT ABSORPTION......Page 966
C. SALIVARY SECRETION......Page 967
D. GASTRIC SECRETION......Page 968
E. PANCREATIC SECRETION......Page 969
F. BILE SECRETION......Page 971
REFERENCES......Page 972