Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms in Healthcare and Drug Development

 CONTENTS
Preface, xi
About the Editors, xv
Contributors, xix
Abbreviations, xxi
CHAPTER 1 ■ Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary
Algorithms in Disease Diagnosis—Introductory
Aspects 1
BHUSHAN INJE, SANDEEP KUMAR, AND ANAND NAYYAR
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 TERMINOLOGIES 2
1.2.1 Swarm Intelligence 2
1.2.1.1 Merits of Swarm Intelligence 3
1.2.1.2 Classifications and Terminology 4
1.2.2 Evolutionary Computation 5
1.2.3 Evolutionary Computation Paradigms 6
1.3 IMPORTANCE OF SWARM INTELLIGENCE IN
DISEASE DIAGNOSIS 7
1.4 IMPORTANCE OF EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS
IN DISEASE DIAGNOSIS 10
1.5 CONCLUSION 14
CHAPTER 2 ■ Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary
Algorithms for Cancer Diagnosis 19
BANDANA MAHAPATRA AND ANAND NAYYAR
2.1 INTRODUCTION 19
2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER 21
2.3 CHALLENGES IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS 26
2.3.1 Methods of Cancer Detection 26
2.3.2 Issues and Challenges Faced While Cancer
Detection Process 27
2.4 APPLYING SWARM INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHM
FOR CANCER DIAGNOSIS 28
2.4.1 SI Algorithms for Detection of Lung Cancer 29
2.4.2 Swarm Intelligence for Breast Cancer 30
2.4.3 Swarm Intelligence for Ovarian Cancer 30
2.4.4 SI Algorithm for Early Detection of Gastro Cancer 30
2.4.5 Swarm Intelligence for Treating Nano-Robots 31
2.5 APPLYING EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM FOR
CANCER DETECTION 34
2.6 CONCLUSION 40
CHAPTER 3 ■ Brain Tumour Diagnosis 45
DHANANJAY JOSHI, NITIN CHOUBEY, AND RAJANI KUMARI
3.1 INTRODUCTION 45
3.2 APPLYING EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS FOR
BRAIN TUMOR DIAGNOSIS 50
3.2.1 Evolutionary Algorithm 50
3.2.2 Conceptual Framework 1: Applying Evolutionary
Algorithm for Brain Tumor Diagnosis. 52
3.3 APPLYING SWARM INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS
FOR BRAIN TUMOR DIAGNOSIS 54
3.3.1 Swarm Intelligence (SI) - Based Algorithms 54
3.3.2 Self-Organization: 55
3.3.3 Division of Labor: 55
3.3.4 Particle Swarm Optimization 55
3.3.5 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 56
3.3.6 Conceptual Framework 2: Applying Swarm
Intelligence Based Algorithm for Brain Tumor
Diagnosis 57
3.4 APPLYING SWARM INTELLIGENCE AND
EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS TOGETHER FOR
DIAGNOSIS OF BRAIN TUMOR 58
3.5 APPLYING SWARM INTELLIGENCE, EVOLUTIONARY
ALGORITHM AND INCORPORATING TOPOLOGICAL
DATA ANALYSIS (TDA) FOR BRAIN TUMOR
DIAGNOSIS 59
3.5.1 Topological Data Analysis 59
3.6 CONCLUSION 59
CHAPTER 4 ■ Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary
Algorithms for Diabetic Retinopathy
Detection 65
SACHIN BHANDARI, RADHAKRISHNA RAMBOLA, AND RAJANI KUMARI
4.1 INTRODUCTION 65
4.1.1 Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy 66
4.1.2 Swarm Optimization and Evolutionary
Algorithms 69
4.1.3 Objectives and Contributions 71
4.2 FEATURE OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 72
4.2.1 Microaneurysms 72
4.2.2 Haemorrhages 73
4.2.3 Hard Exudates 73
4.2.4 Soft Exudates 73
4.2.5 Neo-Vascularization 74
4.2.6 Macular Edema 74
4.3 DETECTION OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY BY
APPLYING SWARM INTELLIGENCE AND
EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS 74
4.3.1 Genetic Algorithm 75
4.3.2 Particle Swarm Optimization 79
4.3.3 Ant Colony Optimization 81
4.3.4 Cuckoo Search 84
4.3.5 Bee Colony Optimization 85
4.4 CONCLUSION 87
CHAPTER 5 ■ Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary
Algorithms for Heart Disease Diagnosis 93
RAJALAKSHMI KRISHNAMURTHI
5.1 INTRODUCTION 93
5.2 PREDICTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF HEART
DISEASE USING MACHINE LEARNING/SWARM
INTELLIGENCE 95
5.2.1 Decision Support System 95
5.2.2 Clinical Decision Support System 96
5.2.3 Heart Disease Datasets 97
5.3 PREDICTING HEART ATTACKS IN PATIENTS
USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE METHODS
(FUZZY LOGIC) 98
5.3.1 Fuzzy Logic Approach for Heart Disease Diagnosis 99
5.3.2 Fuzzy Rule Base 101
5.3.3 Fuzzy Inference Engine 102
5.3.4 Defuzzification 102
5.4 PREDICTING HEART DISEASE USING GENETIC
ALGORITHMS 103
5.5 SWARM INTELLIGENCE BASED OPTIMIZATION
PROBLEM FOR HEART DISEASE DIAGNOSIS 105
5.5.1 Ant Colony Optimization 105
5.5.2 Particle Swarm Optimization 106
5.6 HEART DISEASE PREDICTION USING DATA MINING
TECHNIQUES 108
5.7 PERFORMANCE METRICS 110
5.8 CONCLUSION 113
CHAPTER 6 ■ Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary
Algorithms for Drug Design and
Development 117
BANDANA MAHAPATRA
6.1 INTRODUCTION 117
6.2 DRUG DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT: PAST, PRESENT
AND FUTURE 119
6.3 ROLE OF SWARM INTELLIGENCE IN DRUG DESIGN
AND DEVELOPMENT 123
6.4 ROLE OF EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS IN DRUG
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 126
6.5 QSAR MODELLING USING SWARM INTELLIGENCE
AND EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS 128
6.6 PREDICTION OF MOLECULE ACTIVITY SWARM
INTELLIGENCE AND EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS 131
6.6.1 Particle Swarm Optimization 135
6.7 CONCLUSION 136
INDEX, 141