Sustainable Urbanism in Developing Countries

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors
Contributors
Part I: Local, Regional and Global Perspectives on Sustainable Urbanism
	Chapter 1: Alternative Rehabilitation Program against Agricultural Land Acquisition for New Development Projects: A Case Study of New Town, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Study Area
		1.3 Planning and Policies Behind the Development of New Town Kolkata
			1.3.1 Planning Stages
			1.3.2 Assessment of Policies
		1.4 Issues and Concerns from Land-Use Change
		1.5 Provision of Rehabilitation Under Land Legislation
			1.5.1 Land Acquisition Act (LAA), 1894
			1.5.2 The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Henceforth RFCTLARR) Act, 2013
			1.5.3 The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014
			1.5.4 The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015
		1.6 Existing Rehabilitation Program
		1.7 Proposal for Alternative Rehabilitation Program
			1.7.1 Mango Orchard in Vacant Land
			1.7.2 Floriculture in Open Space
		1.8 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 2: Contextualizing Urban Sustainability: Limitations, Tensions in Indian Sustainable-Smart Urbanism Perceived through Intranational, International Comparisons, and District City Ambala Study
		2.1 Introduction
			2.1.1 Simplicity to Complexity
			2.1.2 Dilemmas: Poverty and Smart Sustainability
			2.1.3 Traditional vs Institutionalized Sustainability
			2.1.4 Sustainability for the Developed, Developing Economies
			2.1.5 Roadmap
			2.1.6 Struggling Sustainability of District City Ambala
		2.2 From Unplanned to Sustainable Urbanization and Projections
			2.2.1 Comparisons
		2.3 Urban Agglomerations (UAs); Rural–Urban Continuums; and Smart District Urbanisms
			2.3.1 Appraisals and Experiences of Smart City Mission
		2.4 Ambala: Traditions Persist, Sustainable-Smart Urbanism Knocks
			2.4.1 The Old and the Colonial
			2.4.2 The Post-Colonial Era
			2.4.3 The New
			2.4.4 Public Participation
		2.5 Urban Regenerative Architecture; Post-Colonial Approaches; Spaces of Consumption; Partaking in Globalization
			2.5.1 Jaggi Smart City Centre
		2.6 Conclusions
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 3: The Geopolitics of Refugees: A Strategic Tool for Explaining the Concept of Migration in Developing Countries
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Theoretical Basis of the Research
			3.2.1 Geopolitics
			3.2.2 Refuge
		3.3 Research Method
		3.4 Research Findings
			3.4.1 Finding the Importance of Refugees and Displaced People
				3.4.1.1 The Political Importance of Refugees
				3.4.1.2 The Economic Importance of Refugees
				3.4.1.3 Socio-Cultural Importance of Refugees
			3.4.2 The Nature and Concept of the Geopolitics of Refugees
				3.4.2.1 Traditional Geopolitics Frameworks
				3.4.2.2 Critical Geopolitical Approach
		3.5 Analysis and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: Economic Development, Environmental Degradation and Sustainability: A Panel-Data Analysis of the Major Economies from 1990–2015
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 A Review of Existing Literature
		4.3 Data and Methodology
		4.4 Result and Discussion
		4.5 Concluding Remarks and Policy Prescriptions
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 5: Demarcation and Spatial Distribution of Urban Centres in Sri Lanka
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 The Importance of Identification and Distribution of Urban Centres
		5.3 Demarcation of Cities in Sri Lanka
			5.3.1 Historical Development of Urban Centres
			5.3.2 Categorization of Urban Centres in Sri Lanka
			5.3.3 Distribution Pattern of the Urban Centers in Sri Lanka
		5.4 Conclusion
			5.4.1 Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 6: Colonial Urbanism and Morphology: The Case of the Colonial Port City of Kolkata
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Review of Literature
			6.2.1 The Case of Colonial Port Cities in Developing Countries
		6.3 Material and Methodology
		6.4 Profile of the Study Area
			6.4.1 Geographical Setting of the City
			6.4.2 Evolution of the Urban Form
		6.5 Analysis
			6.5.1 Processes Shaping the Colonial City
				6.5.1.1 Process of Urbanization
				6.5.1.2 Process of Spatial Segregation
					6.5.1.2.1 Race-Based Spatial Segregation
					6.5.1.2.2 Class-Based Spatial Segregation
					6.5.1.2.3 Caste-Based Spatial Segregation
			6.5.2 Urban Morphology of Calcutta, as a Product of Urban Growth
			6.5.3 Presence of Other Urban Morphological Characteristics
		6.6 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Urban Planning, Innovation and Urban Resilience for Sustainable Development
	Chapter 7: Geopolitical Urbanism Network (GUN): Building Networked Understanding of Cities in Armed Conflicts for Sustaining Peace
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Cities in Conflict: The Contemporary
			7.2.1 The Conflicts on the Ground
			7.2.2 Conflict Mapping: Through Political Positionalities of Actors and the Three Ps Framework
		7.3 Geopolitics of Conflicts in Cities: The Lens
			7.3.1 GUN for Newer Crisis-Led-Conflicts?
		7.4 Peace (Cities and the Globe): The Future
		7.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: Sustainable Spatial Planning for the Rural–Urban Continuum Settlements of Kerala, India
		8.1 Introduction
			8.1.1 Settlement Pattern
			8.1.2 Rural–Urban Continuum Settlement Pattern of Kerala
			8.1.3 Current Planning Practices in Kerala
				8.1.3.1 Detailed Town Planning (DTP) Schemes
				8.1.3.2 Masterplans
				8.1.3.3 District Perspective Plan
		8.2 Materials and Methods
			8.2.1 Methods of Settlement Analysis
			8.2.2 Urbanization Trends
			8.2.3 Present Urban Areas (2021)
			8.2.4 Population Density Changes of Settlements
			8.2.5 Functional Character of Settlements
			8.2.6 Settlement Hierarchy
			8.2.7 Population Score Estimation
			8.2.8 The Functionality-Based Ranking
			8.2.9 Centrality Index-Based Ranking
			8.2.10 Cumulative Ranking
		8.3 Analysis and Results
			8.3.1 Urbanization in Kerala
			8.3.2 Urban Areas in 2021
			8.3.3 Population Density Variation
			8.3.4 The Functional Character of Settlements
			8.3.5 Hierarchy of Settlements
		8.4 Discussion
			8.4.1 Settlement Characteristics of Kerala
			8.4.2 Issues of RUC Settlement Development
				8.4.2.1 Environmental Issues
				8.4.2.2 Economic Issues
				8.4.2.3 Governance Issues
		8.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Self-Financing Urbanism in Developing Countries: A Ready Reckoner for Land Value Capture (LVC) Instruments
		9.1 Urbanization and Challenges
		9.2 The Need and Rationale for Land Value Capture (LVC)
		9.3 Land Value Capture Instruments
		9.4 Development Exactions and Impact Fees (DE&IF)
			9.4.1 What Are They?
			9.4.2 How Are They Implemented?
			9.4.3 How Are They Calculated?
			9.4.4 Debates and Controversy
		9.5 Tax Increment Financing
			9.5.1 What Is It?
			9.5.2 How Is It Implemented?
			9.5.3 How Is It Calculated?
			9.5.4 Debates and Controversy
		9.6 Special Assessment Districts and Betterment Levies
			9.6.1 What Is It?
			9.6.2 How Is It Implemented?
			9.6.3 How Are They Calculated?
			9.6.4 Debates and Controversy
		9.7 Density Bonuses
			9.7.1 What Are They?
			9.7.2 How Are They Implemented?
			9.7.3 How Are They Calculated?
			9.7.4 Debates and Controversy
		9.8 Land Readjustment (LR) or Land Pooling (LP)
			9.8.1 What Is It?
			9.8.2 How Is It Implemented?
			9.8.3 How Is It Calculated?
			9.8.4 Debates and Controversy
		9.9 Transferable Development Rights (TDR)
			9.9.1 What Are They?
			9.9.2 How Are They Implemented?
			9.9.3 How Are They Calculated?
			9.9.4 Debates and Controversy
		9.10 Air Rights
			9.10.1 What Are They?
			9.10.2 How Are They Created?
			9.10.3 How Are They Valued?
			9.10.4 Debates and Controversy
		9.11 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Urban Simulation Model and Urban Growth, Agglomeration, Gentrification: The Case of Lucknow, India
		10.1 Introduction
			10.1.1 Lucknow: City Profile
			10.1.2 Lucknow as a Growth Pole
			10.1.3 Urban growth and land-Use classification
			10.1.4 Economic Growth in Lucknow
		10.2 Research Literature
			10.2.1 Urban Growth Simulation Models
			10.2.2 Concept of Gentrification and Commercial Gentrification
		10.3 Research Methodology
			10.3.1 Macro-Level Study
			10.3.2 Micro-Level Study
		10.4 Analysis and Findings
			10.4.1 Macro-Level Study
				10.4.1.1 Data Preparation
				10.4.1.2 Data Simulation
				10.4.1.3 Data Visualization
			10.4.2 Micro-Level Study
		10.5 Result and Discussion
			10.5.1 Macro-Level Study
			10.5.2 Micro-Level Study
		10.6 Conclusion
		10.7 Scope and Limitation
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 11: Carrying Capacity of Air Environment and Development of a Megacity: A Case of NCT Delhi, India
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Methodology
		11.3 Literature Study
			11.3.1 Growth and Development of Delhi and Air Pollution
			11.3.2 Master Plan of Delhi and Provisions for Air Pollution Control
			11.3.3 Court Orders and Directions to Control Air Pollution in NCT Delhi
		11.4 The Concept of Carrying Capacity of the Air Environment
			11.4.1 Supportive Capacity Dimensions of Air Environment
			11.4.2 Assimilative Capacity Dimensions of Air Environment
		11.5 Framework for Carrying Capacity of the Air Environment
		11.6 Lockdown and Impact on Air Pollution
		11.7 Recommendations
		11.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: Urbanization and Sustainability in the South Pacific Region from the 1990s to 2020
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Objectives of the Study
		12.3 Materials and Methods
		12.4 Conceptual Framework of Pacific Towns and Cities
		12.5 Result and Discussion
			12.5.1 Nature and Potential of Pacific Urban Centers
			12.5.2 Dense and Dilapidated Pacific Island Cities
			12.5.3 Degree of Smartness and Sustainability of Pacific Cities
			12.5.4 The Lives of Islanders in the 21st Century
			12.5.5 Urban Resilience of the Pacific
			12.5.6 Urban Planning and Management in the Pacific
		12.6 Conclusion
		12.7 Recommendations
		References
Part III: Environmental Management and Ecosystem Services
	Chapter 13: Walkable Urban Neighborhoods: The Adverse Effects of Industrialization and Climate Change in Developing Countries
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Background
		13.3 Theoretical Foundations of Neighborhood Walkability Programs
		13.4 The Negative Effects of Industrialization on Walkable Neighborhoods
		13.5 The Adverse Impacts of Climate Change on Walkable Neighborhoods
		13.6 The Joint Effects of Industrialization and Climate Change on Walkable Neighborhoods
		13.7 Recommendations and Implications for Theory, Research, and Policy
		13.8 Limitations and Future Research Pointers
		13.9 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 14: Urban Resilience to the Challenges of Climate Change: The Case of Africa
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Methodology
			14.2.1 Approach
			14.2.2 Criterion for Research Inclusion and Exclusion
		14.3 Results
			14.3.1 Climate Change Crisis in African Cities
			14.3.2 Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Change
		14.4 Discussion
			14.4.1 Future Prospects
		14.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Not a ‘Peripheral’ Connection: Dynamics of Peri-Urban Agriculture in Kolkata Metropolitan Area, West Bengal
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Methodology
		15.3 ‘Urban gardens’ in India and Beyond
		15.4 Socio-natural Hybridity and Urban Food Production
		15.5 UPA Trajectories in KMA
			15.5.1 Practices and Encounters
		15.6 Geospatial Analysis of Land-Use Changes
		15.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: Degraded Land Management in Urban Areas: The Case of Biodiversity Parks in Delhi
		16.1 Background
		16.2 Methodology
		16.3 Literature Study
			16.3.1 Reasons for Land Degradation in Urban Areas
			16.3.2 Impacts of Land Degradation
			16.3.3 Need for Restoring Degraded Land
			16.3.4 Biodiversity Parks
		16.4 Biodiversity Parks of Delhi
		16.5 Restoration Techniques
			16.5.1 Soil Treatment
			16.5.2 Wetland Revitalization
			16.5.3 De-Weeding
			16.5.4 Water Conservation
			16.5.5 Plantation
			16.5.6 Development of Infrastructure
		16.6 Results
			16.6.1 Yamuna Biodiversity Park
			16.6.2 Aravali Biodiversity Park
			16.6.3 Tilpath Valley
			16.6.4 Tughlaqabad Biodiversity Park
			16.6.5 Northern Ridge Biodiversity Park
			16.6.6 Neela Hauz Biodiversity Park
		16.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 17: Geospatial Analysis of Heat Islands in Badulla MC, Sri Lanka
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Literature Review
			17.2.1 Urban Heat Islands
			17.2.2 Identification of Urban Heat Islands
			17.2.3 Technology Used for Analyzing Urban Heat Islands
			17.2.4 Development Trends and Factors Affecting Urban Heat Islands
		17.3 Methodology
		17.4 Development of Urban Heat Island in Badulla MC
			17.4.1 Distribution Pattern of Urban Heat Islands in Badulla MC
		17.5 Analysis of Development of UHI in Badulla MC
		17.6 Conclusion
		17.7 Recommendation to Control UHI in Badulla MC
		Bibliography
	Chapter 18: Analyzing Land-Use/Land-Cover Changes and Its Impact on Land Surface Temperature in Berhampore Municipality, West Bengal, India
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Description of the Study Area
		18.3 Data Source and Methodology
			18.3.1 Data Source
			18.3.2 Change Analysis for LULC
			18.3.3 NDVI
			18.3.4 Process for LST
			18.3.5 Association between LST and NDVI
		18.4 LULC Accuracy
		18.5 Results
			18.5.1 LU/LC Change
			18.5.2 NDVI Change
			18.5.3 LST Change
			18.5.4 LST and NDVI
			18.5.5 LST Profile
		18.6 Discussion
		18.7 Conclusion
		Bibliography
Part IV: A Multidimensional Approach to Urban Ecology, Space, Society and Sustainability
	Chapter 19: Reflections from East Kolkata Wetlands: A Conceptual Framework for Building Urban Resilience to Climate Change for Sustainable Urbanism in Developing Countries
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Conceptual Dimensional Model of Urban Resilience
		19.3 Research Context
			19.3.1 Aim and Scope of the Current Study
			19.3.2 Limitations of the Study and Scope of Future Work
			19.3.3 Need for the Protection and Conservation of the Wetlands
		19.4 EKW Situational Analysis
			19.4.1 LULC Change Detection
			19.4.2 Dimension-Specific Situational Analysis
				19.4.2.1 Environmental Dimension
				19.4.2.2 Economic Dimension
				19.4.2.3 Social and Cultural Dimensions
				19.4.2.4 Institutional Dimension
		19.5 Recommendations
		19.6 Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 20: Urban Societal Needs and Sustainability in Zambia: A Case of Public Land and Housing
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Housing, Access and Sustainability
		20.3 Research Methodology
		20.4 Public Urban Land and Housing in Zambia
			20.4.1 Process of Accessing Public Land for Urban Housing
			20.4.2 Barriers to Accessing Public Land for Housing in Urban Areas
			20.4.3 High Plot Fees
			20.4.4 Inadequate Supply of Public Urban Land
			20.4.5 Cumbersome Public Land Allocation Process
			20.4.6 Corruption in Land Sector
			20.4.7 Rapid Increase in Population
			20.4.8 Land Hoarding and Speculation
		20.5 Conclusion
		Note
		References
	Chapter 21: Impact of Noise Pollution on Human Health in Barasat Urban Area, West Bengal
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Materials and Methods
			21.2.1 Study Area
			21.2.2 Methodology
		21.3 Results
			21.3.1 Land-Use Land Cover Classification
			21.3.2 Noise Level Analysis
			21.3.3 Health Impacts of Noise
			21.3.4 Relationship between Noise Level and Vegetation
		21.4 Discussion
		21.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 22: Water Vendors of Peri-Urban Kolkata: Life, Livelihood and Lived Experiences
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Study Area
		22.3 Materials and Methods
			22.3.1 Research Strategy and Methods
			22.3.2 Sampling
			22.3.3 The Questionnaire
			22.3.4 The Interviews
			22.3.5 Bias and Errors
		22.4 Results and Discussions
			22.4.1 Who Are the Vendors?
			22.4.2 Occupational History
			22.4.3 Modalities of Functioning
			22.4.4 Regulation and Control
			22.4.5 Issues and Challenges
			22.4.6 Discussion
		22.5 Conclusion
			22.5.1 Major Observations
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 23: ‘Sacred Land Capture’: An Introduction to a New Phenomenon of Encroachment in Urban India
		23.1 Introduction: Facts and Facets of Urban India
		23.2 SLC: What, How and Where the Phenomenon Takes Place
		23.3 Methodology: From Unaccounted Reality on the Ground to Theoretical Contextualization
		23.4 Small-Scale Encroachment (Sacred) in Urban Areas
			23.4.1 Causes and Consequences of SLC
			23.4.2 Exemplifying Undocumented Spatial Features
			23.4.3 Observation of Inner Layout of SLC
		23.5 Conclusions and Policy Suggestions
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 24: Aging in Urban India: Needs and Policies for Sustainable Development
		24.1 Introduction
			24.1.1 Evolving Prospects of Aging: India
			24.1.2 Growth of Older Population: India
			24.1.3 Methodology
		24.2 Identifying the Needs of the Aging Population
		24.3 India in the Context of Sustainable Cities and Communities
		24.4 Exploring Smart Cities Mission and Master Plans with Reference to Old Age
			24.4.1 Smart City Mission: India
			24.4.2 City Master Plans
		24.5 Insights from Senior Citizens of Guwahati City
		24.6 Conclusion
		References
Index