Sustainable Pipe Jacking Technology in the Urban Environment: Recent Advances and Innovations (Cities Research Series)

Foreword by Paul Burton
Foreword by Raymond Sterling
Foreword by Keh-Jian Shou
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
1 Introduction: Pipe Jacking in the Urban Environment
	1.1 Background
	1.2 A Brief History
	1.3 Focus of the Book
	1.4 Chapters of the Book
	References
2 Investigation Techniques: Pipe Jacking in Complex Geology
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Data to be Obtained
	2.3 Geophysical Investigations
	2.4 Site Investigation
		2.4.1 In Situ Boreholes and In Situ Geotechnical Tests
		2.4.2 Using Drilling Parameters
		2.4.3 Geostructural Survey for Rock Masses
		2.4.4 Case Study: Pressuremeter Testing of Highly Fractured Phyllite
	2.5 Geotechnical Laboratory Testing
		2.5.1 Interface Tests
		2.5.2 Case Study: Direct Shear Testing of Reconstituted Tunneling Spoil from Highly Fractured Rocks
	2.6 The Geological and Geotechnical Model
	References
3 Complex Soil–Pipe Interaction: Challenges in Geological Characterization and Construction
	3.1 Background
	3.2 Pipe Jacking Forces
		3.2.1 Experimental Results Relating to Frictional Stress
		3.2.2 Calculation Methodology for Frictional Stress
	3.3 The Influence of Construction Operational Parameters
		3.3.1 Influence of Stoppages
		3.3.2 Influence of Lubrication
		3.3.3 Influence of Overcut Size
		3.3.4 Influence of Misalignment
		3.3.5 Influence of Steering
	3.4 Case Study 1: Pipe Jacking in the Altamura Limestone
		3.4.1 Characterization of the Altamura Limestone
	3.5 Case Study 2: Pipe Jacking in the Highly Weathered ‘Soft Rocks’ of the Tuang Formation
		3.5.1 Developing Geotechnical Strength Parameters Using Direct Shear Testing of Reconstituted Tunneling Rock Spoil
		3.5.2 Estimating Geotechnical Strength Parameters Using In Situ Pressuremeter Test
	3.6 Conclusions
	References
4 Deep Shaft Excavation: Design, Construction, and Their Challenges
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Types of Shafts
		4.2.1 Circular Concrete Caisson
		4.2.2 Steel Sheet Pile
		4.2.3 Diaphragm Wall
		4.2.4 Sinking Circular Concrete Caisson
		4.2.5 Cased or Oscillation-Drilled Shaft
	4.3 Design Philosophy and Selection Guide for Shafts
		4.3.1 Bottom-Up or Top-Down Construction
		4.3.2 Jacking and Receiving Shafts
		4.3.3 Shaft Excavation in Soils
		4.3.4 Shaft Excavation in Rocks
		4.3.5 Strut-Less or Strutted Shaft Design
		4.3.6 Nearby Infrastructure Risk Assessment Documentation and Analyses
	4.4 Soil–Structure Interactions
		4.4.1 Analytical Method
		4.4.2 Empirical or Closed-Form Method
		4.4.3 Field Observational Method
		4.4.4 Numerical Method and Finite Element Method (FEM)
		4.4.5 Artificial Intelligence
		4.4.6 Consistency of Methods
	4.5 Typical Construction Challenges
		4.5.1 Soil Conditions
		4.5.2 Seepage Pressure
		4.5.3 Ground Water Intrusion
		4.5.4 Space Constraints
		4.5.5 Utility Detection in Urban Areas
	4.6 Case Studies
		4.6.1 Case Study 1: Shaft X in Organic Soils
		4.6.2 Case Study 2: Shaft Y in Karst
	4.7 Conclusions
	References
5 Irregular-Shaped Pipe Jacking Technique
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Types of Irregular-Shaped Pipe Jacking Machines
		5.2.1 Rectangular Jacking Machines with Combined Multi-cutterheads
		5.2.2 Eccentric Multi-axis Pipe Jacking Machines
		5.2.3 Square Planetary Gear-Type Jacking Machine
	5.3 Selection of Machine
		5.3.1 Introduction
		5.3.2 Soil and Site Conditions
		5.3.3 Construction Method and Skill
		5.3.4 Project Cost and Construction Schedule
		5.3.5 Environmentally Friendly and Sustainable Development
	5.4 Case Studies
		5.4.1 Rectangular Pipe Jacking Project with Four Parallel Box Sections in Foshan, Guangdong, China
		5.4.2 Rectangular Pipe Jacking Project in Complex Soil Conditions in Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
	References
6 Irregular-Shaped Shield
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 6.0 m times 3.3 m Rectangular Shield
		6.2.1 Rectangular Lining Rings and Seals
		6.2.2 Configuration of the Segment Erection Shield
		6.2.3 Transportation of Lining Segments Inside the Tunnel
		6.2.4 Erector System for Lining Segments
		6.2.5 Other Accessories
		6.2.6 Erection Process of Lining Segments
	6.3 Case Study—An Irregular-Shaped Shield Project in Shandong, China
		6.3.1 Project Background
		6.3.2 U-shaped Lining Segments and Connections
		6.3.3 Procedure of the Shield Construction
		6.3.4 Introduction of Hybrid Method Using Irregular-Shaped Pipe Jacking and Irregular-Shaped Shield Methods
		6.3.5 Site Photos
		6.3.6 Conclusions
	6.4 Summary
	References
7 Pipe Jacking Performance: Mechanistic Behavior and Maintenance Challenges—An Artificial Intelligence-Based Approach
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Mechanistic Behavior of a Tunnel Boring Machine
		7.2.1 Operational Parameters
		7.2.2 Soil Characteristics
	7.3 Maintenance Challenges
		7.3.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence Techniques
		7.3.2 Implementation
		7.3.3 Tunneling in Alluvial Soils
		7.3.4 Tunneling in Loess Soil
		7.3.5 Case Study 1: Identification of Geological Conditions
		7.3.6 Case Study 2: Clogging Detection
	References
8 Decarbonizing Tunnel Design and Construction
	8.1 Why ‘Decarbonize’ Infrastructure?
		8.1.1 Global Sustainability Goals
		8.1.2 Circular Economy Goals
		8.1.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
	8.2 Decarbonizing Tunneling Processes
		8.2.1 Open-Cut Versus Trenchless Technologies
		8.2.2 Advances in Tunnel Design and Construction
	8.3 Decarbonizing Through Spoil Reuse
		8.3.1 Bedding Material for Pipe Installation
		8.3.2 Backfill Material for Trenches
		8.3.3 Road Pavement
	8.4 Decarbonizing in Practice: From Compliance to Best Practice
		8.4.1 State Government Requirements
		8.4.2 Case Study: The Cross River Rail Project
		8.4.3 Local Government Requirements
		8.4.4 Rating Scheme Incentives
	8.5 Conclusions
	References