Sustainable Metal Extraction from Waste Streams

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Graphical Abstract......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
 1.1 Introduction......Page 17
 1.2 Defining “Sustainability”......Page 18
 1.3 Dimensions of Sustainability......Page 19
  1.4.2 Four Force Model......Page 21
 1.5 Green Value Stream Mapping (GVSM)......Page 23
 1.6 “Greening the Waste”......Page 24
 1.7 Green Chemistry Terminology......Page 26
 1.8 Green Ways of Metal Extraction: Core of the Book......Page 27
 2.1 Introduction......Page 31
  2.2.1 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)......Page 33
  2.2.2 Agro‐Residue Waste......Page 36
  2.2.3 Industrial Waste......Page 37
 2.3 Legislations and Regulations for Hazardous Wastes......Page 43
 2.4 Handling/Management of Hazardous Waste......Page 44
  2.4.1 Secured Landfilling......Page 45
  2.4.2 Incineration......Page 46
  2.5.1 Threat to Human Health and Environment......Page 47
  2.5.2 Waste: An Artificial Ore......Page 48
  2.5.3 “Waste” to Wealth......Page 49
  2.6.2 Size Reduction (Comminution)......Page 50
  2.6.3 Screening/Sieving......Page 51
  2.6.5 Segregation......Page 52
 2.7 Summary and Outlook......Page 53
 3.1 Introduction......Page 55
  3.2.1 Pyrometallurgical Treatment of Industrial Waste......Page 56
  3.2.2 Pyrometallurgical Treatment of WEEE......Page 61
  3.2.3 Major Challenges Associated with Pyrometallurgical Operations......Page 65
  3.3.1 Leaching of Metals in Acidic Medium......Page 66
  3.3.2 Leaching of Metals in Alkali Medium......Page 73
  3.3.3 Leaching with Lixiviants (Cyanide, Thiourea, Thiosulfate)......Page 76
  3.3.4 Halide Leaching......Page 82
 3.4 Summary and Outlook......Page 85
 4.2 Adsorption......Page 87
  4.2.2 Hydrophobic Compounds......Page 88
  4.2.3 Polymer Matrix......Page 89
 4.3 Green Adsorption......Page 90
  4.4.1 Influence of pH......Page 91
  4.4.4 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage......Page 92
 4.5 Adsorption Kinetic Models......Page 93
 4.6 Mechanism of Metal Uptake......Page 94
  4.7.1 Agricultural Resources......Page 95
  4.7.2 Zeolites......Page 97
  4.7.3 Clay......Page 100
  4.7.4 Industrial Waste......Page 101
 4.8 Innovative Applications of Adsorption......Page 104
 4.9 Case Study......Page 105
 4.10 Summary and Outlook......Page 106
 5.1 Introduction......Page 109
 5.2 Bioleaching Process Description......Page 110
   5.3.1.1 Mesophiles......Page 111
   5.3.1.2 Thermophiles......Page 112
  5.3.2 Affinity Between Microorganisms and Metal Surfaces......Page 113
   5.3.3.2 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Content......Page 114
   5.3.3.6 Surface Chemistry of Metals......Page 115
  5.3.4 Reactor Design......Page 116
 5.4 Mechanism of Bioleaching Process......Page 117
  5.4.1 Biochemical Reaction (Direct vs. Indirect) Mechanism......Page 118
  5.4.2 Mechanism of Metal Sulfide Dissolution (Polysulfide Pathway)......Page 119
 5.5 Engineering Practices in Bioleaching Process......Page 120
  5.5.1 Batch Process......Page 121
  5.5.2 Continuous Process......Page 122
 5.6 Application of Bioleaching in Extracting Metals from Waste......Page 126
  5.6.1 Extraction of Metals from WEEE......Page 127
  5.6.2 Extraction of Metals from Industrial Waste......Page 131
  5.6.3 Extraction of Metals from Mineral Waste......Page 134
 5.7 Technoeconomic Opportunities and Challenges......Page 135
 5.8 Summary and Outlook......Page 137
 6.1 Introduction......Page 139
 6.3 Classification of Ligands......Page 140
  6.4.1 Theories Derived for Metal–Ligand Complexation......Page 143
  6.4.2 Attributes of Metal Ions for Complexation......Page 145
  6.4.3 Metal–Chelate Complex Formation......Page 146
  6.4.4 The Chelate Effect......Page 148
  6.5.1 Framework for Chelating Agent Assisted Metal Extraction from Solid Waste......Page 149
   6.5.2.1 Effect of Reaction pH......Page 151
   6.5.2.2 Effect of Molar Concentration of Chelating Agent......Page 154
   6.5.2.3 Effect of Reaction Temperature......Page 156
   6.5.2.4 Presence of Competing Ions in Reaction Zone......Page 157
  6.5.3 Factors Affecting Stability of Metal–Ligand Complex......Page 158
 6.6 Novel Applications of Chelating Agents......Page 159
   6.6.1.1 Hydrometallurgical Route of Chelation Process (Direct Use)......Page 160
   6.6.1.2 Phyto‐remediation of Soils in Presence of Chelating Agents......Page 161
  6.6.2 Chelating Agents Used for Metal Extraction from Industrial Waste......Page 163
  6.6.3 Chelating Agents Used for Metal Extraction from WEEE......Page 165
 6.7 Ecotoxicological Concerns and Biodegradability......Page 167
 6.8 Summary and Outlook......Page 171
 Abbreviation......Page 173
 7.2 What Are Ionic Liquids?......Page 174
 7.3 Characteristic Properties of Ionic Liquids......Page 177
  7.3.2 Vapor Pressure and Nonflammability......Page 178
  7.3.3 Thermal Stability......Page 179
  7.3.5 Viscosity......Page 180
  7.3.7 Coordination Ability......Page 182
  7.3.9 Solubility......Page 183
 7.4 Classification of Ionic Liquids......Page 185
 7.5 Environmental Scrutiny of Ionic Liquids......Page 187
  7.6.1 Extraction of Metals from Aqueous Media......Page 189
  7.6.2 Extraction of Metals from Industrial Solid Waste/Ores......Page 192
  7.6.3 Extraction of Metals from WEEE......Page 193
 7.7 Summary and Outlook......Page 195
 Nomenclature......Page 197
 8.1 Introduction......Page 198
 8.2 Process Intensification......Page 199
  8.3.2 Liquid–Liquid Extraction......Page 201
  8.3.3 Mixing......Page 202
  8.3.5 Comminution......Page 204
 8.4 Scaling Up from Batch to Continuous Process......Page 205
  8.4.1 Process Design Fabrication......Page 206
   8.4.2.1 Material Balance......Page 207
   8.4.2.2 Development of Comminution Circuit......Page 209
  8.4.3 Reactor Sizing and Agitator Selection......Page 213
  8.4.4 Design of Filtration System......Page 215
  8.4.5 Design of Heat Exchanger......Page 217
  8.4.6 Design of Precipitator Unit......Page 218
  8.4.7 Batch Scheduling......Page 219
 8.5 Summary and Outlook......Page 220
 Abbreviations......Page 223
 9.2 Miniaturized Extraction Devices......Page 224
  9.2.1 Intensification in Miniaturized Extraction Devices......Page 225
  9.2.2 Application of Miniaturized Extraction Devices......Page 227
 9.3 CFI for Continuous Micro‐flow Extraction......Page 228
  9.3.1 Designing CFI as an Extractor......Page 232
  9.3.3 Methodology and Setup for Micro‐flow Extraction......Page 234
   9.3.4.1 Typical Flow Patterns......Page 236
   9.3.4.2 Extraction Efficiency......Page 238
   9.3.4.3 Effect of Aqueous Phase Volume Fractions on Extraction Efficiency......Page 239
   9.3.5.2 Effect of Residence Time......Page 241
 9.4 Summary and Future Challenges......Page 245
Bibliography......Page 247
Index......Page 289
EULA......Page 296