Sustainable Manufacturing Practices in the Textiles and Fashion Sector

Contents
Sustainable Manufacturing Practices in Textiles and Fashion
	1 Introduction
	2 Sustainable Materials
		2.1 Types of Sustainable Materials Used in Textiles and Fashion
			2.1.1 Recycled Polyester
			2.1.2 Tencel
			2.1.3 Hemp
			2.1.4 Linen
		2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Sustainable Materials
			2.2.1 Advantages
			2.2.2 Disadvantages
		2.3 Examples of Sustainable Materials Used in Textiles and Fashion
			2.3.1 Patagonia
			2.3.2 Levi’s
			2.3.3 Adidas
			2.3.4 Stella McCartney
	3 Sustainable Production Processes
		3.1 Energy-Efficient Manufacturing Processes
		3.2 Water Conservation Practices
			3.2.1 Water Recycling
			3.2.2 Water-Efficient Technologies
			3.2.3 Waste Reduction and Recycling
		3.3 Closed-Loop Production Systems
			3.3.1 Waste Reduction Practices
			3.3.2 Chemical Management and Substitution
		3.4 Examples of Sustainable Production Processes Used in Textiles and Fashion
			3.4.1 Levi’s Waterless™ Jeans
			3.4.2 Nike Flyknit
			3.4.3 Adidas Parley Ocean Plastic
			3.4.4 H&M Conscious Collection
			3.4.5 Patagonia’s Worn Wear Programme
	4 Sustainable Supply Chain Management
		4.1 Ethical Sourcing of Raw Materials
			4.1.1 Fair Labour Practices
			4.1.2 Transparency and Traceability
		4.2 Collaborative Approaches to Sustainable Supply Chain Management
			4.2.1 Examples of Sustainable Supply Chain Management in Textiles and Fashion
	5 Sustainable Product Design and Development
		5.1 Eco-design Principles
		5.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
			5.2.1 Closed-Loop Production Systems
			5.2.2 Product Certification and Labelling
		5.3 Examples of Sustainable Product Design and Development in Textiles and Fashion
			5.3.1 Patagonia’s Worn Wear Programme
			5.3.2 Adidas’ Futurecraft Loop
			5.3.3 Stella McCartney’s Falabella GO Backpack
			5.3.4 Nike’s Flyknit Technology
			5.3.5 Outer Known’s S.E.A. JEANS
	6 Case Studies of Sustainable Manufacturing Practices in Textiles and Fashion
		6.1 Case Study 1: Patagonia’s Sustainable Manufacturing Practices
		6.2 Case Study 2: Levi’s Waterless Production Process
		6.3 Case Study 3: Nike’s Sustainable Materials and Production Processes
		6.4 Case Study 4: H&M’s Sustainable Supply Chain Management
	7 Conclusion
	References
Salt-Free Dyeing of Cellulosic Fibers
	1 Introduction
	2 Cellulosic Fibers
		2.1 Cellulosic Fiber Properties
		2.2 Annual Consumption
	3 Dyeing of Cellulosic Fibers
		3.1 Dyeing of Cellulosic Fibers and Dyestuffs Use
			3.1.1 Reactive Dye
			3.1.2 Direct Dye
			3.1.3 Sulfur Dye
			3.1.4 Vat Dye
		3.2 Chemicals Used in Dyeing and for What Purpose These Chemicals Are Used
		3.3 Salt Recovery
		3.4 Environmentally Friendly Alternatives to Salt
	4 Salt-Free Dyeing
		4.1 Cationizing Using Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs)
		4.2 Cationization Using Bio-based Polymers
		4.3 Modification Using Other Chemicals
	5 Conclusion
	References
Sustainable Approaches in Textile-Sizing Process
	1 Introduction
	2 Environmental Impacts of Sizing/Desizing Process
	3 Conventionally Used Sizing Agents
		3.1 Starch
		3.2 Starch Derivatives
		3.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
		3.4 Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)
		3.5 Acrylic Sizing Agent
		3.6 Wax
	4 Sustainable Approaches to Sizing/Desizing Process
		4.1 Sustainable Innovations in Sizing Machines
		4.2 Optimization and Development of Green Recipes
		4.3 Reusing of Sizing/Desizing Chemicals
		4.4 Clean and Dry Technologies for Sizing
			4.4.1 Plasma Treatment
			4.4.2 Ultraviolet (UV) Irradiation
			4.4.3 Foam Sizing
			4.4.4 Powder Sizing
		4.5 Clean and Dry Technologies for Textile Desizing
			4.5.1 Plasma Treatment
			4.5.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Desizing
			4.5.3 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Desizing
			4.5.4 Ozone Treatment
			4.5.5 Microwave-Assisted Desizing
	5 Novel Bio-based Biodegradable Sizing Agents
	6 Conclusion
	7 Future Perspectives and Trends
	References
Recent Trends in Sustainable Clothing and Textile Manufacturing
	1 Introduction
	2 Sustainable Steps in Sewing
		2.1 Technology Upgradation
			2.1.1 Application of Laser
			2.1.2 RFID and Sustainability
			2.1.3 Carbon Dioxide Colouration
			2.1.4 Air Dye
			2.1.5 Ozone Applications
		2.2 Use of Eco-friendly Processes
			2.2.1 Natural Dyeing
			2.2.2 Digital Printing
			2.2.3 Enzyme Applications
		2.3 Employees Training
	3 Waste Management
		3.1 Controlling Waste by Lean Concepts
		3.2 Minimizing Fabric Waste
		3.3 Controlling Allied Material Waste
	4 Conclusions
	References
Take-Back Programs for Fashion Brands’ Garments in Sustainable Manufacturing Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Circular Fashion and Post-Retail Programs
	3 An Overview of Take-Back Programs
		3.1 Fashion Brands Offering Take-Back Programs
	4 Conclusions and Future Research Directions
	References
The Awakening of an Environmental-Conscious Fashion Era
	1 The Sustainability Scope of the Fashion Industry
	2 The European Green Deal and SDGs
	3 Strategy for Sustainable and Circular Textiles (Directive 2022)
		3.1 Introducing Mandatory Ecodesign Requirements
		3.2 Setting an End to the Destruction of Unsold or Returned Textiles
		3.3 Preventing Microplastics Pollution
		3.4 Introducing Data Requirements As Well As a Digital Product Passport
		3.5 Extended Producer Responsibility and Boosting Reuse and Recycling of Textile Waste
	4 Circular Economy Practices and the Fashion Industry
	5 Monitoring Circularity and Sustainability of the Fashion Industry
		5.1 Standards, Protocols, and Certifications
			5.1.1 Labels
			5.1.2 Certifications Schemes
			5.1.3 Other Initiatives
		5.2 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
		5.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
	6 Circular Business Models Development
		6.1 Crafting a Circular Business Model
		6.2 Optimization and Barriers of Textile Circular Business Models
		6.3 Customer Attitude and Behavior
	7 Case Studies
		7.1 H&M
		7.2 ERDOS Cashmere Care Center
		7.3 Patagonia
		7.4 Levi Strauss & Co.
		7.5 Mud Jeans
		7.6 Adidas
		7.7 “By Rotation”
		7.8 Ralph Lauren
	8 Conclusions
	References
Catalytic Methods for Sustainable Textile Dyeing
	1 Introduction
	2 Textiles and Dyes: Structures and Properties
	3 Simple Mechanism of Dye Fixation
	4 Dye Fixation
		4.1 Salt Treatment
		4.2 Alkali Treatment
		4.3 Ultrasound Treatment
		4.4 Ultraviolet Treatment
		4.5 Plasma Treatment
		4.6 Microwave Treatment
	5 Catalytic Dye Fixations
		5.1 Reverse Micellar System
		5.2 Use of Mordants
		5.3 Crosslinking Agents
	6 Future Prospects
	7 Conclusions
	References
Date Palm Leaf Mat: A Sustainable Textile Craft
	1 Introduction
	2 Craft and Textiles
	3 Talai—A Traditional Textile Craft
		3.1 Date Palm Tree
		3.2 Suitable Weather for Weaving
	4 Raw Materials
	5 Tools and Equipment
	6 Collection of Leaves
	7 Preparatory Processes
	8 Dyeing Process
	9 Woven Sheet (Pati)
	10 The Process of Making Pati
		10.1 Joining the Pati
	11 Talai—A Custom
	12 Motifs
	13 Storing of Talai
	14 Marketing Channel
	15 Diversification of the Craft
	16 Conclusion
	References
Sustainable Performance Assessment of Textile and Apparel Industry in a Circular Context
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
		2.1 Circular Economy
		2.2 Textile Industry
		2.3 Performance Assessment
	3 Literature Review for CE Performance Assessment of Textile Industry
		3.1 CE in Textile Industry
		3.2 CE Performance Assessment
		3.3 Performance Assessment in Textile Industry
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Fuzzy DEMATEL
		4.2 Fuzzy BWM
	5 Proposed Framework
	6 Case Study, Findings, and Implications
	7 Conclusion
	References
Man-Made Bio-based and Biodegradable Fibers for Textile Applications
	1 World Textile Fiber Market and Environmental Issues
	2 Bio-based Biodegradable Polymers
	3 Types and Resources of Synthetic Bio-based Biodegradable Polymers
		3.1 Natural-Based Polymers
			3.1.1 Polysaccharides
				3.1.1.1 Polysaccharides from Vegetal Resources
				3.1.1.2 Polysaccharides from Marine Resources
			3.1.2 Proteins
				3.1.2.1 Proteins from Vegetal Resources
				3.1.2.2 Proteins from Animal Resources
		3.2 Bacterial Polymers
			3.2.1 Semi-synthetic Polymers
			3.2.2 Microbial Polymers
	4 Isolation and Extraction of Polymers
		4.1 Cellulose
		4.2 Starch
		4.3 Alginate
		4.4 Chitin and Chitosan
		4.5 Soy Protein
		4.6 Zein
		4.7 Wheat Gluten
		4.8 Collagen
		4.9 Keratin
		4.10 Casein
		4.11 Silk Fibroin
		4.12 PLA
		4.13 PHAs
	5 Chemical Resistance, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Polymers
	6 Filament Production Methods
		6.1 Melt Spinning Method
			6.1.1 PLA
			6.1.2 PHAs
			6.1.3 Collagen
			6.1.4 Keratin
			6.1.5 Casein
			6.1.6 Zein
			6.1.7 Silk Fibroin
			6.1.8 Soy Protein
			6.1.9 Wheat Gluten
			6.1.10 Chitosan
			6.1.11 Alginate
			6.1.12 Starch
			6.1.13 Cellulose
		6.2 Wet Spinning
			6.2.1 PLA
			6.2.2 PHAs
			6.2.3 Collagen
			6.2.4 Keratin
			6.2.5 Casein
			6.2.6 Zein
			6.2.7 Silk Fibroin
			6.2.8 Soy Protein
			6.2.9 Wheat Gluten
			6.2.10 Chitosan
			6.2.11 Alginate
			6.2.12 Starch
			6.2.13 Cellulose
		6.3 Electrospinning Method
			6.3.1 PLA
			6.3.2 PHAs
			6.3.3 Collagen
			6.3.4 Keratin
			6.3.5 Casein
			6.3.6 Zein
			6.3.7 Silk Fibroin
			6.3.8 Soy Protein
			6.3.9 Wheat Gluten
			6.3.10 Chitosan
			6.3.11 Alginate
			6.3.12 Starch
			6.3.13 Cellulose
	7 Potential Textile Applications of Polymers
	8 Outlook and Trends
	References
Sustainable Fashion Manufacturing System in the Korean Fashion Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Sustainable Fashion in the Korean Fashion Industry
	3 Sustainable Fashion System in South Korea
		3.1 Rebirth Fashion Brand, RE;CODE
			3.1.1 Manufacturing Process of RE;CODE
			3.1.2 RE;CODE as a Sustainable Culture Creator and ESG Beyond a Fashion Brand
		3.2 Upcycling Fashion Brand, OVER LAB
			3.2.1 Upcycled Materials
			3.2.2 Difficulties
			3.2.3 Collaboration
	4 Sustainable Fashion and Rebirth Design Procedure in Case of Education
	5 Perception of Korean Consumers Regarding Sustainable Fashion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Recycling Practices of  Pre-Consumer Waste Generated from Textile Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Concept of Recycling
	3 Recycling of Textile Materials
		3.1 Textile Waste Generation and Recycling Scopes
		3.2 Technologies and Challenges
	4 Opportunities of Recycling in Bangladesh Context
		4.1 Case Study 1—Mechanical Transformation of Post-Industrial Textile Waste into Recycled Fibers
		4.2 Sorting
		4.3 Shredding
			4.3.1 Testing of Recycled Fibers
			4.3.2 Final Product
			4.3.3 Limitations
		4.4 Case Study 2—Conversion of Recycled Fibers into Finer Recycled Yarn (Ring Spinning)
			4.4.1 Recycled Yarn Production Using Recycled Fiber from Post-Industrial Fabric Cutting Waste
			4.4.2 Recycled Yarn Production Using Recycled Fiber from Spinning Waste
			4.4.3 Laboratory Testing
			4.4.4 Limitations
		4.5 Case Study: 3—Conversion of Recycled Fibers into Coarser Recycled Yarn (Rotor Spinning)
			4.5.1 Shredding
			4.5.2 Fiber Mixing and Blending
			4.5.3 Manufacturing of Rotor Yarn
			4.5.4 Manufacturing of Heavy Knit (Sweater) Yarn
			4.5.5 Prototype Fabric Production (Sweater)
			4.5.6 Circular Economy in Bangladesh Textile Supply Chain
			4.5.7 Conclusion
	References
Index