Sustainable Land Management Sourcebook (Agriculture and Rural Development)

CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 10
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 12
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 14
PART I  Sustainable Land Management: Challenges and Opportunities......Page 16
CHAPTER 1  Overview......Page 18
Box 1.1 Ecosystem Services......Page 19
DEFINITION OF SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT......Page 20
Figure 1.1 Global Food Production, Food Prices, and Undernourishment in Developing Countries, 1961–2003......Page 21
PRODUCTION LANDSCAPES: THE CONTEXT FOR LAND MANAGEMENT......Page 24
LAND MANAGEMENT TRADE-OFFS......Page 27
DIVERSITY OF LAND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION......Page 28
Box 1.4 Household Strategies to Improve Livelihoods......Page 31
PART II Major Farming Systems: Investment Options and Innovations......Page 36
CHAPTER 2 Introduction......Page 38
POTENTIALS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL GROWTH......Page 40
INVESTMENT NOTE 3.1  Science and Local Innovation Make Livestock More Profitable and Friendlier to the Environment in Central America......Page 42
INVESTMENT NOTE 3.2  An Approach to Sustainable Land Management by Enhancing the Productive Capacity of African Farms: The Case of the Underused and Versatile Soybean
......Page 49
INVESTMENT NOTE 3.3  Balancing Rainforest Conservation and Poverty Reduction......Page 54
INVESTMENT NOTE 3.4 Groundwater Declines and Land Use: Looking for the Right Solutions......Page 60
INVESTMENT NOTE 3.5 Environmental Services Payments and Markets: A Basis for Sustainable Land Resource Management?......Page 66
INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 3.1 Species Diversity in Fallow Lands of Southern Cameroon: Implications for Management of Constructed Landscapes......Page 71
INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 3.2 Domestication and Commercialization of Forest Tree Crops in the Tropics......Page 75
INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 3.3 Avoided Deforestation with Sustainable Benefits: Reducing Carbon Emissions from Deforestation and Land Degradation......Page 80
INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 3.4 On-Farm Integration of Freshwater Agriculture and Aquaculture in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam: The Role of the Pond and Its Effect on Livelihoods of Resource-Poor Farmers......Page 86
POTENTIALS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL GROWTH......Page 92
INVESTMENT NOTE 4.1 No-Burn Agricultural Zones on Honduran Hillsides: Better Harvests, Air Quality, and Water Availability by Way of Improved Land Management......Page 93
INVESTMENT NOTE 4.2 Beans: Good Nutrition, Money, and Better Land Management—Appropriate for Scaling Up in Africa?......Page 98
INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 4.1 Fodder Shrubs for Improving Livestock Productivity and Sustainable Land Management in East Africa......Page 103
POTENTIALS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL GROWTH......Page 110
INVESTMENT NOTE 5.1 Integrating Land and Water Management in Smallholder Livestock Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 111
INVESTMENT NOTE 5.2 Integrated Nutrient Management in the Semiarid Tropics......Page 118
INVESTMENT NOTE 5.3 Integrated Natural Resource Management for Enhanced Watershed Function and Improved Livelihoods......Page 123
INVESTMENT NOTE 5.4 Enhancing Mobility of Pastoral Systems in Arid and Semiarid Regions of Sub-Saharan Africa to Combat Desertification......Page 129
INVESTMENT NOTE 5.5 Sustainable Land Management in Marginal Dry Areas of the Middle East and North Africa: An Integrated Natural Resource Management......Page 135
INVESTMENT NOTE 5.6 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Sustainable Land Management Approaches to Combat the Impacts of Climate Change......Page 141
INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 5.1  High-Value Cash Crops for Semiarid Regions: Cumin Production in Khanasser, Syrian Arab Republic......Page 146
INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 5.2 Economic and Sustainable Land Management Benefits of the Forage Legume: Vetch......Page 148
INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 5.3 Participatory Barley-Breeding Program for Semiarid Regions......Page 149
INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 5.4 Climate Risk Management in Support of Sustainable Land Management......Page 151
INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY PROFILE 5.5 Land Degradation Surveillance: Quantifying and Monitoring Land Degradation......Page 156
PART III  Web-Based Resources......Page 164
HYDROLOGICAL DATA AND DIGITAL WATERSHED MAPS......Page 166
Figure 6.3 HydroSHEDS Database......Page 168
Figure 6.4 The Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model......Page 169
Figure 6.7 Comparison of CLAS High-Resolution Processing with Standard Landsat Processing......Page 171
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION REGIONS AND MODIS: NASA’S MODERATE RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER......Page 172
GLOSSARY......Page 176
INDEX......Page 182
FIGURES......Page 8
Box 1.3 Pressure-State-Response Framework......Page 29
Box 1.5 Key Safeguard Policy Issues for SLM and Natural Resource Management Investments......Page 33
Box 3.1 Example of Pasture Rehabilitation and Intensification from Honduras......Page 45
Figure 3.3 Irrigation History of Luancheng County: Estimated Pumping for Irrigation, 1949–99......Page 61
Table 3.3 Incidence of Costs and Benefits for Environmental Services......Page 67
Box 5.1 Steps in the Diagnostic Surveillance Framework......Page 158
Box 5.2 Steps in the Land Degradation Surveillance Framework......Page 160
Figure 1.2 Typical Set of Production Activities (Forestry, Crop and Livestock Production, Hydropower, and Coastal Fisheries) Encountered in a Production Landscape......Page 22
Figure 1.3 World Comparisons of Food Production and Consumption 2003......Page 25
Figure 3.1 Months of Consecutive Dry Season......Page 43
Figure 3.2 Nigerian Soybean Production (1988–2006) and Markets in Ibadan (1987–2000)......Page 50
Figure 3.4 General Relationships between Precipitation and Evapotranspiration for Cropland in Luancheng County, 1947–2000......Page 62
Figure 3.5 Hydronomic Zones in a River Basin......Page 63
Figure 3.6 Schematic Trade-off between Reduced GHG Emissions through Avoided Deforestation and National Economic Development Opportunities......Page 83
Figure 3.7 Area and Production Increases in Freshwater Aquaculture in Vietnam, 1999–2005......Page 87
Figure 3.8 Bioresource Flows of an IAA Pond with Medium-Input Fish Farming in the Mekong Delta......Page 89
Figure 5.1 Effect of Watershed Interventions on Groundwater Levels at Two Benchmark Sites in India......Page 126
Figure 5.2 Application of the Multilevel Analytical Framework to the Management of Olive Orchards on Hill Slopes at Khanasser Valley......Page 139
Figure 5.3 Successive Samples of Land Degradation Problem Domains at a Hierarchy of Scales Using Satellite Imagery, Ground Sampling, and Laboratory Analysis of Soils by Infrared Spectroscopy......Page 159
Figure 6.2 USDA-FAS Global Reservoir and Lake Monitor......Page 167
Figure 6.6 Dartmouth Flood Observatory Map......Page 170
Figure 6.8 MODIS Image Gallery......Page 173
Figure 6.9 Integrated and Operational Land Observation System......Page 174
TABLES......Page 9
Table 1.1 Comparison of Farming Systems by Category......Page 30
Table 3.1 Forage Use and Production Criteria......Page 44
Table 3.2 ASB Summary Matrix: Forest Margins of Sumatra......Page 55
Table 3.4 Total Number of Plant Species Recorded in Three Fallow Types in the Humid Forest Zone of Southern Cameroon......Page 73
Table 3.5 List of the Four Most Preferred Priority Indigenous Fruit Tree Species in Selected Regions......Page 76
Table 3.6 Percentage of Farm Households Practicing Freshwater Aquaculture in 2000 and 2004 by Wealth Groups......Page 88
Table 4.1 Farmers Planting Fodder Shrubs in Kenya, Northern Tanzania, Rwanda, and Uganda......Page 106
Table 5.1 Chemical Characteristics of 924 Soil Samples Collected from Farmers’ Fields in Three Districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, 2002–04......Page 119
Table 5.2 Biological and Chemical Properties of Semiarid Tropical Vertisols......Page 120
Table 5.3 Nutrient Composition of Vermicompost......Page 121
Table 5.4 Seasonal Rainfall, Runoff, and Soil Loss from Different Benchmark Watersheds in India and Thailand......Page 125
Table 5.5 Major Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats for the Khanasser Valley as an Example of Marginal Drylands......Page 136
Table 5.6 Technological Interventions Introduced in the Khanasser Valley......Page 138