Sustainable Education and Development – Sustainable Industrialization and Innovation: Proceedings of the Applied Research Conference in Africa (ARCA), 2022

Preface
Organisation
Contents
Contributory Factors to Emerging Contractor’s Non-compliance with Project Quality Requirements
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Emerging Contractors: South African Perspective
		2.2 Quality Management Assessments
		2.3 Challenges in Complying with Project Quality Requirements in the Construction Industry
		2.4 Effects of Project Quality Non-conformance on Contractors
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Research Approach
		3.2 Target Population and Sampling Method
		3.3 Data Collection Instruments
		3.4 Data Analysis
	4 Findings
		4.1 Reasons for Quality Requirements Non-conformance
		4.2 Effects of Non-conformance of Quality Standards on Emerging Contractors
	5 Discussion of the Findings
		5.1 Reasons for Emerging Contractor’s Poor Quality
		5.2 Repercussions of Not Complying with Quality Management
	6 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Examining Awareness and Usage of Renewable Energy Technologies in Non-electrified Farming Communities in the Eastern Region of Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Overview of Ghana’s Energy Context and Efforts in Achieving Universal Access to Affordable, Reliable and Modern Energy
		2.2 Theoretical Framework
		2.3 Empirical Studies
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Study Area, Population and Sampling
		3.2 Research Design and Data Analysis
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Summary Statistics
		4.2 Awareness of Renewable Energy Technologies
		4.3 Usage of Renewable Energy Technologies
		4.4 Determinants of Awareness of Renewable Energy Technologies
	5 Conclusion, Policy Implications and Recommendation
	References
Application of Situation Awareness Theory to the Development of an Assessment Framework for Indoor Environmental Quality in Classroom
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Situation Awareness
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Three-Level Model of Situation Awareness (SA)
		3.3 Factors that Influence Situation Awareness
	4 Development Process of an IEQ Assessment Framework for Basic Schools
	5 Application of Situation Awareness in the Development of an Assessment Framework IEQ of Classrooms in Basic Schools
		5.1 Theoretical Framework
	6 Conclusion
	References
Causes of Poor Workmanship in Low-Cost Housing Construction in South Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 The Quality Concept in the Construction Industry
		2.2 Poor Workmanship in the Construction Industry
	3 Research Methodology
	4 Findings
	5 Discussions
	6 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Assessment of Refuse Shute Practices in Medium-Rise Buildings Within the Greater Accra Region, Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Discussions
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Review of Frameworks for the Energy Performance Certification of Buildings and Lessons for Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
	4 Findings and Discussion
		4.1 EPC Framework Development
		4.2 The Energy Performance Certification Process for Existing Buildings
		4.3 Features of the Certificate
	5 Conclusion
		5.1 Summary
		5.2 Lessons for Ghana
	References
The Use of Building Information Modelling by Small to Medium-Sized Enterprises: The Case of Central South Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 The Evolution of BIM Technology
		2.2 The Adoption of BIM by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
		2.3 The Benefits of BIM Implementation
		2.4 The Barriers of BIM Implementation
	3 Research Aim
	4 Research Methodology
		4.1 Characteristics of the Respondents
	5 Discussion of the Results
		5.1 Awareness of BIM
		5.2 Use of BIM
		5.3 Benefits and Barriers of BIM
	6 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Effects of Property Rights for Low-Income Housing in South Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Property Rights
	3 Effects of Property Rights for Low-Income Housing in South Africa
		3.1 Poverty Reduction
		3.2 Tenure Security
		3.3 Housing as an Asset
		3.4 Negative Effects on Physical and Mental Health
		3.5 Improved Investment
		3.6 Increasing Neighbouring Property Values
	4 Methodology
	5 Research Findings
		5.1 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
		5.2 Descriptive Analysis of the Effects of Property Rights on Low-Income Housing in South Africa
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	8 Recommendations
	References
Recyclability of Construction and Demolition Waste in Ghana: A Circular Economy Perspective
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Circular Economy
		2.2 Recyclability
		2.3 Attitude of Construction Professionals towards Recyclability of Construction Waste
		2.4 Factors Influencing the use of Recycled Construction Materials
		2.5 Technologies for Recycling Construction Waste
		2.6 Challenges Confronting use of Recycled Construction Materials
	3 Methodology
	4 Analysis and Discussion of Results
		4.1 Demography of Respondents
		4.2 Attitude of Construction Professionals towards the Recyclability of Construction Waste
		4.3 Challenges Confronting use of Recycled Construction Waste Materials
		4.4 Factors Influencing the use of Recycled Construction Materials
	5 Conclusion
	References
Innovative Work Environment of an Informal Apparel Micro Enterprise with PDCA Cycle: An Action-Oriented Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 The Need for Sustainable Industrialisation and Innovation: Ghana’s Apparel Context
		2.2 Work Environment and Ergonomics
		2.3 Workplace Improvement
		2.4 Plan-Do-Check-Action (PDCA) Cycle
		2.5 Research Questions
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Study Design
		3.2 Instrument and Procedure
		3.3 Study Setting and Participant
	4 Results
		4.1 Plan- Part I (Identified Problems)
		4.2 Plan- Part II (Suggestions for Improving Work Environment)
		4.3 Do (Changes Made to Improve Work Environment)
		4.4 Check (Evaluation of Business Operator’s Experience after Improvement in Work Environment)
		4.5 Act (Standardisation of Outcome of Work Environment Improvement)
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion, Implications and Limitations
	References
Industrialization and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Infrastructural Investment
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Related Literature
		2.1 Data Sources and Variables Measurement
		2.2 Model Specification
	3 Empirical Findings and Discussion
		3.1 Test for Multicollinearity
		3.2 Panel Unit Root Test
		3.3 Descriptive Statistics
	4 Estimation of the Panel Data
	5 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Greening the Circular Cities: Addressing the Challenges to Green Infrastructure Development in Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Barriers to Green Infrastructure in Africa
	5 Conclusion
	References
Properties of Clay Deposits in Selected Places in Sekondi-Takoradi and Ahanta West, Ghana
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Formation of Clay
		1.2 Primary Clay
		1.3 Secondary or Sedimentary Clay
		1.4 Physical Characteristics of Clay
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Material
		2.2 Sample Preparation and Testing Procedure
		2.3 Chemical Analysis
		2.4 X-Ray Fluorescent Analysis
		2.5 Physical Analysis and Test Procedure
		2.6 Fire Testing
		2.7 Other Physical Analysis
		2.8 Manufacturing of Modulus of Rapture (M.O.R.) or Flexural Strength
	3 Findings
	4 Conclusion
	References
Lumped – Capacitance Design for Transient Heat Loss Prediction in Oil and Gas Production Pipes in Various Media
	1 Introduction
	2 The Lumped Capacitance Theory
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Materials and Equipment
		3.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Legal Immigration to the United States: A Time Series Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data
		2.2 Model Specification
		2.3 Model Specification
		2.4 Model Fitting and Diagnostic
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Forecasting
		3.2 Regression Model
	4 Conclusion
	References
Public Health Predictive Analysis of Chicago Community Areas: A Data Mining Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data
		2.2 Multiple Linear Regression
		2.3 Clustering
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 First Model Results
		3.2 Second Model Results
		3.3 First Model Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Simulation-Based Exploration of Daylighting Strategies for a Public Basic School in a Hot-Dry Region of Ghana
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Daylight in Public Basic Schools in Ghana
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Field Measurements
		2.2 Digital Modelling and Simulation
		2.3 Subjective Survey
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Annual Sunlight Exposure
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Effect of Building Collapse in Ghanaian Building Industry: The Stakeholders’ Perspectives
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 The Stakeholders’ View on the Effect of a Building Collapse on the Building Industry in Ghana
		3.2 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Estimation of the Most Sustainable Regional and Trans-border Infrastructure Among Road, Rail and Seaborne Transport
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Identification of the Determinant Factors for Sustainable Regional and Trans-border Infrastructure of Road, Rail and Seaborne Transport
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Best-Worst Method (BWM)
		3.2 Data Collection
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Calculation of the Weights of Determinant Factors (DFs) Using BWM
		4.2 Ranking of the Dimensions of the DFs for Sustainable Regional and Trans-border Infrastructure of Road, Rail and Seaborne Transport
		4.3 Global Ranks of the DFs
		4.4 Ranking of the DFs Within Each Dimension
		4.5 Theoretical and Practical Implications
		4.6 Managerial Implications
	5 Conclusion
	References
Innovation Performance and Efficiency of Research and Development Intensity as a Proportion of GDP: A Bibliometric Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Search Procedure
		3.2 Screening Procedure
	4 Bibliometric Analysis and Discussion
		4.1 Co-authorship Analysis
		4.2 Keyword Co-occurrence Analysis Based on Author Keywords
		4.3 Bibliographic Coupling Analysis Based on Documents
		4.4 Co-citation Analysis Based on Cited References
	5 Conclusion
		5.1 Summary
		5.2 Directions for Future Research
	References
Determinants of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Access to Financial Services in Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Identification of the Determinants of SMEs Access to Financial Services
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Best-Worst Method (BWM)
		3.2 Data Collection
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Calculation of the Weights of Determinants Using BWM
		4.2 Ranking of the Dimensions of the Determinants of SMEs Access to Financial Services
		4.3 Global Ranks of the Determinants
		4.4 Ranking of the Determinants Within Each Dimension
		4.5 Theoretical and Practical Implications
		4.6 Managerial Implications
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Effects of Electronic Taxes on Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises’ Access to Financial Services
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Conceptual Framework and Hypothesis
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Model Specification and Description of Variables
		3.2 Model Equation of the Study
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Econometric Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Assessment of Practices on Disposal of Solar E-Waste in Lusaka, Zambia
	1 Introduction
	2 Challenges Associated with E-Waste Management in Africa
	3 E-Waste Handling and Disposal in Zambia
	4 Existing Law on Waste Management in Zambia
	5 Materials and Methods
	6 Results
		6.1 Practices on the Disposal of Solar E-Waste
		6.2 Number of Repairs
		6.3 Factors Influencing the Disposal of Solar E-Waste
	7 Discussion of Results
		7.1 Practices on Disposal of Solar E-Waste
		7.2 Factors Influencing the Disposal of Solar E-Waste
		7.3 Implications of the Findings
	8 Conclusion
	References
Lean Supply Chain Practices in the Zambian Construction Industry
	1 The Construction Industry
	2 Supply Chain
	3 Nature of the Construction Supply Chain
		3.1 Zambian Construction Supply Chain
	4 Lean
		4.1 Lean in Supply Chain
		4.2 Lean Practices in Construction Supply Chain
	5 Materials and Methods
	6 Results
		6.1 Lean Supply Chain Management Practices
		6.2 Wastes Associated with Construction Supply Chain Management
		6.3 Challenges in Construction Supply Chain Management
	7 Discussion of Results
		7.1 Lean Supply Chain Management Practices
		7.2 Challenges of Supply Chain Management Practices
		7.3 Implications of the Findings
	8 Conclusion
	References
The Performance Assessment of Zambia Railways Transport Service Quality
	1 Introduction
	2 Railways Transport
		2.1 Zambia Railways Transport
		2.2 Railway Transport Service Quality
	3 Materials and Methods
	4 Results
		4.1 Extent of Railway Freight Transport Service Quality at ZRL
		4.2 Reasons for Low Levels of Railway Freight Transport Service Quality at ZRL
		4.3 Relationship Between Railway Freight Transport Service Quality and Profitability at Zambia Railways Limited
	5 Discussion of Results
		5.1 Railway Freight Transport Service Quality at ZRL
		5.2 Relationship Between Railway Freight Transport Service Quality and Profitability at ZRL
		5.3 Implications of the Findings
	6 Conclusion
	References
Effective Cost Management Practices for Enabling Sustainable Success Rate of Emerging Contractors in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Literation Review
		2.1 Theories of Cost Management Practices
		2.2 Business Sustainability
		2.3 Emerging Contractors Cost Management
	3 Functions of Cost Management Practices
		3.1 Resource Planning
		3.2 Cost Estimation
		3.3 Budgeting
		3.4 Monitoring and Controlling
		3.5 Cost Reporting
		3.6 Tracking Earned Value
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Research Approach
		4.2 Population, Sampling and Response Rate
		4.3 Data Collection
		4.4 Data Analysis and Interpretation
	5 Analysis and Discussion of Results
		5.1 Profile of the Respondents
		5.2 Emerging Contractors Effective Cost Management Practices
		5.3 Factor Analysis
		5.4 Discussion of Results
	6 Conclusions and Recommendations
	7 Limitations
	References
Reflections on Real Options Valuation Approach to Sustainable Capital Budgeting Practice
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 The General Concept of Real Options Valuation – Value of Flexibility
		2.2 The Real Options Approach Offers a Wide Scope for Innovative Business Applications
		2.3 The Adoption Level of Real Options Reasoning In Capital Budgeting Practice
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Respondents Profile
		4.2 Descriptive Statistics
		4.3 On Usage Level of Real Options Valuation Technique
		4.4 Barriers to Using Real Options, Especially in Emerging Market Economies Like Oman
		4.5 Need/benefits of Real Options Valuation Technique
		4.6 Reliability Analysis
		4.7 Findings from Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)
	5 Conclusion
		5.1 Limitations and Scope for Future Advanced Capital Budgeting Research
	References
A Reconstructionist Approach to Communalism and the Idea of Sustainable Development in Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Theories of Development: Some Shortfalls
		2.1 Radical Communalism
		2.2 Moderate Communalism
		2.3 Some Other Versions of Communalism/Communitarianism
	3 Result and Discussions
	4 Conclusion
	References
Provision of Digital Library, a Catalyst for Scholastic Creativity Among Undergraduates in South-West, Nigeria
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussions of Findings
	5 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation of the Factors Influencing the Intention-To-Use Bim Among Construction Professionals in Abuja, Nigeria
	1 Introduction
	2 Theories Underpinning the Study
	3 Research Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Discussion of Findings
	6 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Determinants of Farmers’ Satisfaction with Access to Irish Potato Farmer Co-operatives’ Services in Northern and Western Provinces, Rwanda
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical and Empirical Framework
		2.1 Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory
		2.2 Empirical Review and Hypothesis Development
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Research Design and Target Population
		3.2 Sampsling Techniques and Sample Size
		3.3 Instruments and Data Collection Techniques
		3.4 Analysis and Model Specification
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Demographic and Socio-economic Characteristics
		4.2 Service Accessibility Level Among Farmers
		4.3 Service Accessibility in Co-operatives Compared with Other Sources
		4.4 Satisfaction Level Among Irish Potato Smallholder Farmers
		4.5 Regression Results
		4.6 Discussion of the Results
	5 Conclusion and Recommendations
	Appendix
	References
Determining Factors Influencing Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditures in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
		2.2 The Process of Searching and Selecting the Studies
		2.3 Data Extraction
		2.4 Analysis Approach
		2.5 Search Strategy
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Are They Really that Warm: A Thermal Assessment of Kiosks and Metal Containers in a Tropical Climate?
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Selection of Study Structures
		3.2 Physical Measurements
		3.3 Comfort Survey
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Environmental Factors of Thermal Comfort
		4.2 Participants’ State of Health During PIT Survey
		4.3 Comfort Perception of Occupants
	5 Conclusion
	References
Fashion Transformational Synthesis Model for Beauty Pageants in Ghana
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Fashion Concept Theory
	2 Methodology
	3 Findings and Discussion
		3.1 A Transformational Fashion Concept Synthesis Model for Beauty Pageants in Ghana
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design Creativity and Clothing Selection: The Central Focus in Clothing Construction
	1 Introduction
	2 Theories Underpinning the Study
		2.1 Colour Influence in Clothing
		2.2 Colour Combination in Clothing
		2.3 Proportion as an Influential Factor
		2.4 Texture as an Influential Factor
	3 Methodology
	4 Findings and Discussion
		4.1 Balance Used in Clothing Definition
		4.2 Rhythm in Clothing Design
		4.3 Emphasis in Clothing Design
		4.4 Emphasis as a Feature in Clothing Selection
		4.5 Key Factor in Clothing Selection
		4.6 Cutting/Sewing Details and Clothing Selections
		4.7 Defects
		4.8 Assembling
	5 Conclusion
	References
Assessment of Climate Change Mitigation Strategies in Building Project Delivery Process
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Research Methods
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Profile of the Respondents
	5 Conclusion
	References
Prior Knowledge of Sustainability Among Freshmen Students of University of Professional Studies
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
	3 Results
		3.1 Respondent Characteristics
		3.2 Student Prior Knowledge
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Conceptual Framework on Proactive Conflict Management in Smart Education
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Research Questions
		2.2 Databases and Search String
		2.3 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
		2.4 Search and Selection
	3 Conflict Management in Smart Education
		3.1 Smart Education
		3.2 Conflict in Smart Education
		3.3 Conflict Management Model in Smart Education
	4 Resolving Conflict Proactively in Smart Education
		4.1 Goal-Based Conflict Resolution
		4.2 Resource-Based Conflict Resolution
		4.3 Policy-Based Conflict Resolution
		4.4 Authorization-Based Conflict Resolution
		4.5 Automatic Conflict Resolution
	5 Model for Automatic Smart Conflict Management in Smart Education
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) Model for Predicting the Popularity of Local Musicians
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Problem Statement
	4 Methodology
	5 Result And Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Novel Cost-Effective Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanostructures by The Influence of pH in the Wet Chemical Synthesis
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Characterization of the Synthesised Nanoparticles
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Synergestic Effect of Multiple Reducing Agents on the Synthesis of Industrially Viable Mono-dispersed Silver Nanoparticles
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Synthesis
		2.3 Results and Discussion
	3 Conclusion
	References
Perormance and Nutrient Values of Clarias Gariepinus Fed with Powdered Mushroom (Ganoderma Lucidum) and Tetracycline as Additives
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Impact of Age Distribution and Health Insurance Towards Sustainable Industrialization
	1 Introduction
	2 Theories Underpinning the Study
	3 Methodology
	4 Findings
	5 Discussions
	6 Conclusion
	References
Determination of Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer of Building Wall Envelopes
	1 Introduction
	2 Method and Materials
		2.1 Theoretical Considerations
		2.2 Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Concrete Walls with External Cladding, Internal Cladding, External Plaster and Internal Plaster
		3.3 Concrete Walls with External Cladding, External Plaster and Internal Plaster
		3.4 Concrete Walls with, Internal Cladding, External Plaster and Internal Plaster
		3.5 Concrete Walls with External Plaster and Internal Plaster
		3.6 Brick Walls with External Cladding, Internal Cladding, External Plaster and Internal Plaster
		3.7 Brick Walls with External Cladding, External Plaster and Internal Plaster
		3.8 Brick Walls with Internal Cladding, External Plaster and Internal Plaster
		3.9 Brick Walls with External Plaster and Internal Plaster
		3.10 Sandcrete Walls with External Cladding, Internal Cladding, External Plaster and Internal Plaster
		3.11 Sandcrete Walls with External Cladding, External Plaster and Internal Plaster
		3.12 Sandcrete Walls with Internal Cladding, External Plaster and Internal Plaster
		3.13 Sandcrete Walls with External Plaster and Internal Plaster
		3.14 Assumptions
	4 Conclusion
	References
Post-harvest Losses of Coconut in Abura/asebu/kwamankese District, Central Region, Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Method and Materials
		2.1 Target Population
		2.2 Data Source and Collection
		2.3 Sampling Design
		2.4 Sample Size
		2.5 Data Processing and Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Demographics of Respondents
		3.2 Harvesting Information
		3.3 Transport and Handling Information
		3.4 De-husking Information
		3.5 Storage Information
		3.6 Processing Information
	4 Conclusion
	5 Recommendations
	References
Hazard Assessment and Resilience for Heavy Metals and Microbial Contaminated Drinking Water in Akungba Metropolis, Nigeria
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Materials and Method
		1.2 Results and Discussion
		1.3 Conclusion
	References
Usage Behaviour of Electronic Information Resources Among Academicians’ in Tertiary Institutions of Tanzania
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background of the Problem
	2 Research Methodology
		2.1 Sampling Size
		2.2 Data Collection
		2.3 Demographic Characteristics on Usage of EIR
	3 Results and Discussion of the Study Findings
		3.1 Demographic Information
		3.2 IR Awareness, Competences and Usage Among Academicians in Surveyed the Institution
		3.3 Barriers Affecting the Effective Utilization of EIR
	4 Conclusion and Implications of the Study Findings
		4.1 Conclusion
	5 Implications of the Findings
	6 Area of Further Study
	References
Factors for Information Seeking and Sharing During Accomplishig Collaborative Activities in Vocational Schools
	1 Introduction
	2 Factors Promoting CISB Among Students
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Research Design
		3.2 Findings and Discussion of the Study
	4 Conclusion
	References
Expenditure on Education, Capital Formation and Economic Growth in Tanzania
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Unit Root and Correlation Test
		2.2 Johansen Cointegration
		2.3 Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR)
		2.4 Stability Conditions and Diagnostic test
	3 Findings and Discussion
		3.1 Unit root and correlation test
		3.2 Vector autoregressive model (VAR)
		3.3 VAR Stability Conditions and Residual Diagnostic
	4 Conclusion and policy implications
	Appendix 1: VAR Result
	References
Mitigating the Challenges of Academic Information Systems Implementation in Higher Education Institutions in Tanzania for Their Continuous Development
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Literature Review
	2 Methodology
	3 Findings and Discussion
		3.1 THEME 1: Poor System Functionalities
		3.2 THEME 2: Poor User Support
		3.3 THEME 3: Lack of Enough Training
		3.4 THEME 4: Lack of Experts on AIS
		3.5 THEME 5: Poor Systems Security
	4 Conclusion
	References
Examining the Challenges of Price Quotation as a Procurement Method in Tertiary Institutions in Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Public Procurement and Procurement Process
		2.2 Concept of Price Quotation
		2.3 General Challenges of Procurement
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Survey Administration
		3.2 Test for Reliability and Validity
		3.3 Data Analysis
	4 Analysis and Results
		4.1 Descriptive Analysis of Respondents’ Demographic Profile
		4.2 Understanding the Challenges of Price Quotation Used in Government Tertiary Institutions in Ghana
	5 Discussion of Findings
	6 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Theoretical Review of Migration Theory of Consumer Switching Behaviour
	1 Introduction
	2 Consumer Switching Behaviour Theories
		2.1 Development of Push-Pull-Mooring Theory in Human Migration
		2.2 Explaining CSB with Push-Pull-Mooring Theory (PPM)
		2.3 Main Theoretical Gap and Its Significance
		2.4 Proposed Research Model: Push-Pull-Drag-Deter-Mooring Theory (PPDDM)
	3 Key Relationships/hypotheses in the Proposed PPDDM Theory of CSB
		3.1 Objectives of the Study
		3.2 Proposed Methodology and Analysis
	4 Theoretical and Managerial Implications of the Study
	References
Tertiary Students’ Accommodation Affordability in Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Students‘ Accommodation and Affordability
	3 Research Methodology
	4 Findings and Discussion
		4.1 The institution type and perception of the accommodation rental value.
		4.2 Residential Type and perception of the Accommodation Rental Value
	5 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Disease Pandemics in Africa and Food Security: An Introduction
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Findings and Discussion
		3.1 The Spanish Influenza Pandemic
		3.2 The HIV/AIDS Pandemic
		3.3 The Covid-19 Pandemic
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Image-Based Cocoa Diseases Classification Based on an Improved Vgg19 Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
		2.1 VGG19 and Its Implementations
	3 Methodology and Experimental Setup
		3.1 Transfer Learning
		3.2 VGG19 Model Fine-Tuning
		3.3 Proposed Model Architecture
		3.4 Model Performance Evaluation
		3.5 Data Description and Preparation
	4 Experimental Evaluation and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Impact of Promotional Strategies on Sustainable Business Growth in a Selected Wine Processing Companies in Dodoma City, Tanzania
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Literatures
		2.1 Theoretical Framework Review
	3 Methods
		3.1 Location
		3.2 Survey Design and Sampling Procedures
		3.3 Data Collection and Analysis
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Socio-economic Features of Respondents
		4.2 The Impact of Sales Techniques on the Business Growth of Wine Makers
	5 Recommendation, Conclusion and Policy Implications
	References
The Role of Land Demarcation in Addressing Conflicts Management Between Farmers and Pastoralists for Sustainable Agriculture in Kiteto District, Tanzania
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Review
	3 Research Methods
		3.1 Location of the Study
		3.2 Study Design and Sampling Method
		3.3 Data Analysis
	4 Findings and Discussion
		4.1 Descriptive Findings
		4.2 Roles of Demarcation of Land on Resolving Conflicts the Two Groups in the Study Area
	5 Conclusions and Policy Implications
	References
Users’ Satisfaction of Autorickshaw Transport Operations Towards Sustainable Intra-city Mobility, Cape Coast, Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Demographic and Commuter Characteristics
		3.2 Commuter Patronage Behavior
	4 Conclusion
	References
Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity Studies of Solvent Extracts of Crinum pedunculatum Bulbs R.Br
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Plant Material Extraction
		2.2 Experimental Animals
		2.3 Acute Oral Toxicity Studies
		2.4 Subacute Toxicity Studies
		2.5 Haematological and Biochemical Evaluation
		2.6 Histopathological Evaluation
		2.7 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Acute Toxicity Studies
		3.2 Body Weight
		3.3 Haematology and Serum Parameters
		3.4 Sub-acute Toxicity Studies
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Effectiveness of E-Filing System on Improving Tax Collection in Tanzania: A Case of Ilala Tax Region
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background of the Study
		1.2 Objectives of the Study
		1.3 Research Questions
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Theoretical Literature Review
		2.2 Empirical Literature Review
	3 Research Methods and Tools
		3.1 Study Area
		3.2 Research Design and Approach
		3.3 Study Population, Selection of Sample, Sample Size and Key Informants
		3.4 Types of Data and Collection Methods
		3.5 Data Analysis Plan
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Demographic Features of Surveyed Respondents
		4.2 E-filling System on Enhancement of Convenience in Tax Collection
		4.3 Trend of Tax Filling for VAT Returns Before and After e-filling
		4.4 Trend Tax and Duties Collection Before and After e-filling
	5 Conclusions and Recommendations
		5.1 Conclusion
		5.2 Practical Contribution
		5.3 Policy Implications
		5.4 Recommendations
		5.5 Limitation of the Study and Suggestions for Further Studies
	References
Assessing the Impact of Internal Control on the Performance of Commercial Banks in Tanzania
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background Information
		1.2 Statement of the Problem
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Theoretical Literature Review
		2.2 Empirical Literature Review
		2.3 Financial Performance
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Area of the Study
		3.2 Research design and Approach
		3.3 Population, Sample and Sampling Procedure
		3.4 Data Analysis Plan
		3.5 Reliability
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Demographic Features of Surveyed Respondents
		4.2 Descriptive Results
		4.3 Regression Results
	5 Conclusions and Recommendations
		5.1 Conclusion
		5.2 Practical Implications
		5.3 Knowledge Contribution
		5.4 Recommendations
		5.5 Limitations and Suggestion for Further Studies
	References
Factors Affecting Tanzanian Small and Medium Enterprises Performance in the East African Community Market: A Case of Dar es Salaam Region
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background of the Study
		1.2 Statement of the Problem
		1.3 Objective of the Study
		1.4 Research Questions
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Theoretical Literature Review
		2.2 Empirical Literature Review
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Description of the Study Area
		3.2 Research Design and Approach
		3.3 Target Population
		3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques
		3.5 Methods of Data Collection
		3.6 Reliability
		3.7 Data Analysis Procedures
		3.8 Ethical Considerations of the Study
	4 Findings and Discussion
		4.1 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
		4.2 Effects of Access to Finance on Performance of Tanzanian SMEs in EAC Market
		4.3 Legal, Regulatory Framework and Tanzanian SMEs’ Performance in EAC Market
		4.4 Effect of Cultural Values on the Performance of Tanzanian SMEs in EAC Market
		4.5 Effects of Managerial Skills on Performance of Tanzanian SMEs in EAC Market
	5 Conclusions and Recommendations
		5.1 Conclusion
		5.2 Knowledge Contribution
		5.3 Policy Implication
		5.4 Recommendation
		5.5 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research Study
	References
Effect of Service Quality on Customer Retention at Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
	1 Introduction
	2 Theory Underpinning the Study
	3 Research Methodology
	4 Findings and Discussion
		4.1 Level of Customer Retention at Mount Kilimanjaro
		4.2 The Effect of Service Quality Dimensions on Customer Retention
	References
Techno-Economic Feasibility of Hydropower Generation from Water Supply Networks in Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Energy Recovery from WDN and WTN
		2.1 Hydro-turbine Selection on WDN
		2.2 Energy Generation Determination
		2.3 Pressure Reducing Valves and Break Pressure Tanks
	3 Methodology
		3.1 The Location of the Study
		3.2 Study Design
		3.3 Technical and Economic Evaluation
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Hydropower Potential
		4.2 Economic Feasibility
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Influence of Cash Management on Financial Performance of Private Schools in Tanzania
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Research Design
		2.2 Literature Review
		2.3 Research Gap
	3 Research Findings and Discussion
		3.1 The Constraints Facing Private Schools in Their Cash Management
		3.2 Strategies of Ensuring Effective Cash Management in Private Schools
	4 Conclusion and Recommendations
	5 Recommendations
	References
The Influence of Citizen Awareness and Willingness on Revenue Collection in Local Government Authorities: Evidence from Temeke Municipal Council, Tanzania
	1 Background of the Study
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Theoretical Framework
		2.2 Empirical Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Research Approach and Area
		3.2 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
		3.3 Research Instruments
		3.4 Data Analysis Procedures
	4 Findings and Data Presentation
		4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
		4.2 The Effect of Citizen Awareness and Willingness on Local Government Authority Revenue Collection
	5 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Exploring Sustainable Agriculture Through the Use of the Internet of Things
	1 Introduction
	2 Internet of Things in Agriculture: Diagnosis and Monitoring of Crop and Farm Animal Diseases
	3 Livestock Tracking and Weather Forecasting Powered by IoT
	4 Staff Monitoring Technology
	5 Conclusion
	References
Animal Ethics and Welfare as Practised by Small Ruminant Farmers in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State Nigeria
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Description of Experimental Site
		2.2 Data Collection
		2.3 Supplement Collection
		2.4 Proximate Analysis
		2.5 Mineral Analysis
		2.6 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Socio-economic Characteristics of Small Ruminant Farmers in Ado-Ekiti
		3.2 Freedom from Thirst, Hunger and Malnutrition as Managed by Small Ruminant Farmers in Ado-Ekiti
		3.3 Freedom from Discomfort (Provision of Shelter and a Comfortable Resting Area)
		3.4 Freedom from Pain, Injury and Disease – By Prevention or Rapid Diagnosis and Treatment
		3.5 Freedom from Fear and Distress – By Ensuring Conditions Which Avoid Mental Suffering
	4 Conclusion
	5 Recommendation
	References
Challenges Facing People with Disabilities in Acquiring Equitable Employment in Small and Medium Enterprises in Tanzania
	1 Introduction
	2 Empirical Literature
	3 Methodology
	4 Findings and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Competence of Traditional Automobile Practitioners in Maintenance of Automatic Transmission Drives and Implications for Transportation Planning in Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Sampling Technique
		2.3 Data Collection
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Profile of Respondents
		3.2 Frequency of ATDs Sold by Dealers and Used Vehicle Importers
		3.3 Expertise in Servicing of ATDs
		3.4 Knowledge and Competence of Wayside Mechanics
		3.5 Choice and Ratings of Garage for Servicing
		3.6 Reoccurrence of Transmission Problems
	4 Implications for Transportation Planning
		4.1 Regulatory Authorities and Industry
		4.2 Policy Makers
	5 Conclusions
	References
Enhancing Customer Satisfaction Through Listening in Tanzanian Higher Education
	1 Introduction
	2 Theories Underpinning the Study
	3 Research Methodology
	4 Findings and Discussion
		4.1 Reliability Test
		4.2 Level of Customer Satisfaction
		4.3 Relationship Between Listening Attributes and Customer Satisfaction
	5 Conclusion and Recommendations
		5.1 Conclusion
		5.2 Recommendations
		5.3 Areas for Future Research
	References
Technology Adoption and the Financial Market Performance in Nigeria and South Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Literature
	3 Methodology
	4 Analysis and Interpretation of Result
		4.1 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Burnt Clay Grinding Pot Waste Powder as a Partial Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement for Concrete Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Burnt Clay Grinding Pot Waste
	3 Materials Preparation
		3.1 Burnt Clay Grinding Pot Waste Powder (BCGPWP)
		3.2 Batching of the Materials for the Spacemen
	4 Data Presentation and Analysis
		4.1 Chemicals Analysis of Burnt Clay Grinding Pot Waste Powder (BCGPWP)
	5 Water Absorption Test Results
	6 Compressive Strength
	7 Split Tensile Strength of the Individual Specimen
	8 Average Compressive Strength of Combined Mixed Ratio
	9 Average Split Tensile Strength of Combined Mix Ratio
	10 Discussion of Results
	11 Conclusion and Recommendation
	12 Limitation/Deficiency of the Research
	References
The Effect of Covid-19 on the Teaching and Learning Process of Entrepreneurship Education
	1 Introduction
	2 Kolb Experiential Learning Theory and Learning Styles
	3 Methodology
	4 Findings
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion and Implications of the Study
	7 Suggestion
	References
Managing Pandemic Diseases and Food Security in Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Meaning and Dynamics of Food Security
		3.2 Pandemics and Food Security in Africa
	4 Conclusion
	References
Dividend and Share Price Behaviour: A Panacea for Sustainable Industrialization
	1 Introduction
	2 Theories and Related Literature Underpinning the Study
	3 Methodology
	4 Mathematical Model
	5 Findings and Discussions
	6 Conclusion
	References
Study of Social Capital and Business Performance of Micro Women Entrepreneurs in Lagos State Nigeria: Implications for Sustainable Development
	1 Introduction
	2 Statement of the Research Problem
	3 Objective of the Study
	4 Research Questions
	5 Research Hypotheses
	6 Literature Review
		6.1 Conceptual Framework
		6.2 Theoretical Framework
		6.3 Social Capital and Business Performance of Entrepreneurs
		6.4 Social Capital and Business Sustainability
		6.5 Social Capital and Sustainable Development
		6.6 Empirical Literature
	7 Methodology
		7.1 Research Design
		7.2 Population of the Study
		7.3 Sample Size Determination
		7.4 Sampling Techniques
		7.5 Sources of Data Collection
		7.6 Reliability and Validity of the Research Instrument
	8 Data and Measurement
		8.1 Business Performance
		8.2 Social Capital
		8.3 Data Presentation and Analysis
	9 Discussion of the Findings
	10 Conclusion
	11 Recommendations
	References
The Impact of Access to Finance on the Micro-enterprises’ Growth in Emerging Countries Towards Sustainable Industrialization
	1 Introduction
	2 Theory and Hypothesis Development
		2.1 Impact of Access to Finance on the Growth of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
		2.2 Financial Literacy as a Moderator Between Access to Finance and Micro Enterprises Growth
		2.3 The Conceptual Framework
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Research Area
		3.2 Design of the Study
		3.3 Sampling with Sample Size
		3.4 Data Gathering
		3.5 Ethics
		3.6 Analysis of the Data
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Exploratory Factor Analysis
		4.2 The Measurement Model
		4.3 Validity and Reliability
		4.4 Structural Equation Modelling (sEM)and Hypothesis Testing
	5 Conclusion
	References
Human Capital Development and Economic Growth in Tanzania: Public Spending Perspectives
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Unit Root and Co-integration Test
		2.2 Vector Error Correction Model (VECM)
		2.3 VECM causality
	3 Findings and Discussion
		3.1 Unit Root and Johansen Co Intergration Result
		3.2 VECM Result
	4 Conclusion and Recommendations
	Appendix 1: Unit Root Test Result
	Appendix 2: VECM Result
	References
Coping with Crime Threat and Resilience Factors Among the Motorcycle Taxi Operators and Customers in Dar es Salaam Tanzania
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background Information
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Description of Research Site
	3 Findings and Discussion
		3.1 Crime Victims’ Coping Strategies and the Capacity to Cope with the Crime
	4 Conclusion and Recommendations
		4.1 Conclusion
		4.2 Study Recommendations
	References
Effects of Open Performance Review Appraisal System in Assessing and Appraising Employees’ Performance at First Housing Finance Tanzania Limited
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background of the Study
	2 Definition of Key Terms
	3 Empirical Studies
	4 Conceptual Framework
	5 The Relationship Between Literature Review and Knowledge Gap
	6 Methodology
		6.1 Research Approach and Design
		6.2 Case Study Area
		6.3 Targeted Population
		6.4 The Study Samples
		6.5 Sampling Procedures
		6.6 Methods and Instruments for Data Collection
	7 Results and Discussion
	8 Conclusion and Recommendations
		8.1 Conclusion
		8.2 Recommendations
	References
Stakeholder’s Intervention in Reducing Crime Threat Among Motorcycle Taxi Riding Operators in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background Information
	2 Methods
		2.1 Description of Research Site
		2.2 Research Design
		2.3 Data Analysis Technique
		2.4 Validity and Reliability
	3 Findings and Discussion
		3.1 Stakeholders and Initiatives Undertaken to Curb Down Motorcycle Taxi Riding Related Crime Threat
		3.2 Effectiveness of Various Initiatives Undertaken by the Government and Other Actors
		3.3 Introduction of Uniforms to Boda-Boda Riders
		3.4 Registration of Cyclists
		3.5 Registration of Motorcycle Stations
		3.6 Education Provided to Motorcyclists
		3.7 Involvement of Boda-Boda Riders in Community Policing
		3.8 Wearing of Uniform that Identify the Station
		3.9 Conclusion
		3.10 Recommendations
	References
E-learning of Mathematics and Students’ Perceptions in Public Secondary School, Oyo State, Nigeria
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Questions
	3 Research Hypothesis
	4 Literature Review
	5 Methodology
	6 Study Population
	7 Sample and Sampling Procedure
	8 Research Instruments
	9 Quantitative Analysis
	10 Results and Discussion
	11 Research Hypothesis
	12 Conclusion
	13 Recommendation
	References
Dynamics of Silica Nanofluid Under Mixed Electric Field Effect
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Analytical Model
		2.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulation
		2.3 Model Validation
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Production and Marketing Strategies by Youth Vegetable Farmers in Urban Settlements, Tanzania
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoratical Framework
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
		4.1 Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Conceptualising Technology Exchange as a Critical Gap for Higher Education and Industry Collaborations in Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Considerations
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Research Design
	4 Results
		4.1 Data Presentation
		4.2 Analysis and Discussion
		4.3 Technology Commercialisation
		4.4 New Product Development
		4.5 Creation of Technology with Industrial Relevance
		4.6 Industry Develops Technical Capacity for University Staff
		4.7 Joint Prototype Testing
		4.8 Sharing of Specialised Machines
	5 Conclusion
	References
Workplace Health and Safety Procedures and Compliance in the Technical and Vocational Institutions Workshop in Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Health and Safety Theory
		2.1 Technical and Vocational Trainees’ Compliance with Occupational Health and Safety Protocols
	3 Research Methods
		3.1 Research Design
		3.2 Population and Sample
		3.3 Data Collection Instruments and Procedures
	4 Result Analysis and Discussion
		4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
		4.2 Procedures for Occupational Health and Safety in TVET Institutions
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Effect of Magnetic Field on the Motion of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Nanofluid
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Modeling
		2.1 Magnetic Force
		2.2 Motion of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Water
		2.3 Solution of Equation of Motion
	3 Discussion of Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Ultrasound-Assisted Alkaline Treatment Effect on Antioxidant and ACE-Inhibitory Potential of Walnut for Sustainable Industrialization
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Ultrasound Pretreatment
		2.3 Trypsin Hydrolysis
		2.4 Ultrafiltration of the Walnut Meal Hydrolysate
		2.5 Color Measurement
		2.6 Amino Acid (AA) Evaluation
		2.7 Antihypertensive Activity Determination
		2.8 Antioxidant Activity Determination
		2.9 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Colour Properties of the Peptide Fractions
		3.2 Peptide Fractions’ Amino Acid Composition
		3.3 Antihypertensive Activity Assay
		3.4 WMPF Antioxidant Properties
	4 Conclusion
	References
Achieving Sustainable Housing in Nigeria: A Rethink of the Strategies and Constraints
	1 Introduction
	2 Housing and Sustainable Housing Theories
	3 Sustainable Housing Provision Strategies in Nigeria
		3.1 Sustainable Affordable Housing Provision
		3.2 Sustainable Residential Neighbourhoods
		3.3 Sustainable Structural Quality Dwellings
	4 Sustainable Housing Provision Constraints
	5 Conclusions
	References
Minimization of Transportation Cost for Decision Making on Covid-19 Vaccines Distribution Across Cities
	1 Introduction
	2 Theories Underpinning the Study
	3 Methodology
	4 Findings and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Promoting Sustainable Industrialization in Tanzanian Agro-Processing Sector: Key Drivers and Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Framework
		2.1 Theoretical Stance and Development of Hypotheses
	3 Methods
		3.1 Survey Approach
		3.2 Area of the Research and the Population
		3.3 Sample Size/Sampling
		3.4 Collection of Data
		3.5 Validity and Reliability
		3.6 Analysis of the Data
		3.7 Ethics Considerations
	4 Results
		4.1 Demographic Background
		4.2 Quantitative Findings
		4.3 Qualitative Findings
	5 Discussion of Findings
		5.1 Physical Capital Resources Have an Impact on the Sustainable Industrialization of Tanzanian Agro-Processing Sector
		5.2 Human Capital Resources Affect the Sustainable Industrialization of Tanzanian Agro-Processing Sector
		5.3 Organizational Capital Resources Affect the Sustainable Industrialization of Tanzanian Agro-Processing Sector
		5.4 Financial Resources Impact the Sustainable Industrialization of Tanzanian Agro-Processing Sector
		5.5 Technological Resources Affect the Sustainable Industrialization of Tanzanian Agro-Processing Sector
		5.6 Challenges to Sustainable Industrialization
	6 Policy Implications
	7 Concluding Remarks and Contribution
	References
Female Social Entrepreneurship in Male-Dominated Industries in Ghana and Agenda 2030
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Author Index