Sustainable Digital Technologies for Smart Cities: Healthcare, Communication, and Transportation

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Comparative Analysis of Selective Harmonic Elimination for Multilevel Inverters with CSA, PSO, BA, and SA
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (CMLI)
		1.2.1 Formation of Fitness Function
	1.3 Optimization Algorithm
		1.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
		1.3.2 Simulated Annealing (SA)
		1.3.3 Bat Algorithm (BA)
		1.3.4 Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA)
	1.4 Comparison of Optimization Algorithms
	1.5 Simulation and Experimental Results
	1.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Design and Development of an Automated Product Retrieval System for a Warehouse
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Literature Survey
	2.3 Conceptual Design
	2.4 Detailed Design of the Arm
	2.5 Inverse Kinematics
	2.6 Fabricated Model
	2.7 Algorithm for Path Finding
	2.8 Validation Techniques
	2.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Implementation of Water and Air Quality Monitoring System for Smart Agriculture using LoRa
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Objectives
	3.3 Block Diagram
	3.4 Smart Agriculture
	3.5 Algorithm
	3.6 Methodology
		3.6.1 Air Quality Monitoring
		3.6.2 Soil and Water Quality Monitoring
		3.6.3 Automation
	3.7 Results and Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Local Binary Pattern-Based Criminal Identification System
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Terms and Terminologies
		4.2.1 Detection
		4.2.2 Preparation
		4.2.3 Prediction
		4.2.4 Confidence
		4.2.5 Local Binary Patterns (LBP)
		4.2.6 Summarization
		4.2.7 TextRank
	4.3 Related Works
	4.4 Conceptual Architecture
		4.4.1 Perception Layer
		4.4.2 Physical Layer
		4.4.3 Processing Level Layer
			4.4.3.1 LBP-Based Face Detector
			4.4.3.2 LBPH-Based Face Label Predictor and Face Recognizer
			4.4.3.3 TextRank-Based Summary Extractor
		4.4.4 Criminal Identification as a Service
	4.5 Prototype Implementation
		4.5.1 Detection Module
		4.5.2 Pre-processing Module
		4.5.3 Prediction Module
		4.5.4 Summarization Module
	4.6 Assessment
	4.7 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Enhancing Customer Experience in Restaurants Using Augmented Reality-Based Marketing Strategy
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Literature Review
	5.3 Purposes and Objectives
	5.4 Purposes and Objectives
	5.5 Implementation Result
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Zeta – A Web-Based Restaurant-Suggesting Chatbot
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Objectives
	6.3 Modules
		6.3.1 The Chat Interface Module
		6.3.2 Restaurant Display
		6.3.3 Menu Card Module
	6.4 Conclusion and Future Work
	6.5 Results
	References
Chapter 7 Obstacle Avoidance and Image Recognition System
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Objective
	7.3 Related Works
	7.4 Methodology
		7.4.1 Obstacle Detection
		7.4.2 Collision Avoidance
		7.4.3 Traffic Symbol Recognition
			7.4.3.1 Haar-Cascade Algorithm
		7.4.4 Traffic Light Recognition
	7.5 Hardware Requirements
		7.5.1 Raspberry Pi
		7.5.2 Raspberry Pi Camera
		7.5.3 Ultrasonic Sensor
		7.5.4 Arduino UNO
	7.6 Implementation Policies
		7.6.1 Vehicle Performance Guidance for Automated Vehicles
		7.6.2 Model State Policy
		7.6.3 Current Regulatory Tools
		7.6.4 Modern Regulatory Tools
	7.7 Implementation Issues
	7.8 Conclusion
	7.9 Future Scope
	References
Chapter 8 Town Bus Tracker
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Literature Survey
	8.3 Proposed Work
		8.3.1 Software Module
			8.3.1.1 Android Application for Town Bus Scheduler
			8.3.1.2 Safety and Alert System
			8.3.1.3 Tracking System
		8.3.2 Hardware Module
			8.3.2.1 Implementing Global Positioning System (GPS)
			8.3.2.2 Arduino Functions in TBS
			8.3.2.3 Implementation of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
	8.4 Conclusion
	8.5 Result
	8.6 Future Work
	References
Chapter 9 Intelligent Predictive Analytics in Farming Using IoT in Big Data
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Literature Survey
	9.3 Predictive Analysis in Farming
		9.3.1 Four Outcomes of Binary Classification
		9.3.2 Performance Metrics
		9.3.3 Visualizing Recall and Precision
	9.4 Big Data Value Chain
	9.5 Machine Learning Techniques
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 Intelligent Transportation System: A Review of VANET Applications for Urban Areas, Technologies, and Protocols
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Urbanization Effects and Smart City Solutions
	10.3 Traffic Management
		10.3.1 Traffic Management in ITS
		10.3.2 Accident Avoidance in ITS
		10.3.3 Pedestrian Accident Avoidance
		10.3.4 Collision Accident Avoidance
		10.3.5 ITS in Reducing the Traveling Time
	10.4 VANET Protocols and Applications
		10.4.1 VANET Protocols
		10.4.2 Density Estimation Using VANET
		10.4.3 VANET Applications
		10.4.4 VANET Simulators
			10.4.4.1 Mobility Simulators
			10.4.4.2 Network Simulators
			10.4.4.3 Vehicular Network Simulators
	10.5 Comparison of “VANET” Applications and Protocols That Aid “ITS”
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Observer-Based Control for Rotary Servo System
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 System Modeling
		11.2.1 Mathematical Model of Rotary Inverted Pendulum
		11.2.2 System Parameters
	11.3 Implementation
		11.3.1 Design of the Controller Based on Pole Placement
		11.3.2 System Poles
		11.3.3 Desired Poles
		11.3.4 Full-State Controller Coefficient – Pole Placement
		11.3.5 Simulation of a Controller
		11.3.6 State Observer
		11.3.7 Continuous-Time Observer Model
		11.3.8 Luenberger Observer
		11.3.9 Simulation of Observer
	11.4 Simulation Results
		11.4.1 Full-State Feedback Controller Response
		11.4.2 State Observer Response
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12 Stock Market Prediction Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Literature Survey
	12.3 Comparison of Existing System
	12.4 Proposed Work
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13 Service Line Fault Detector and Distance Calculator for Smart Cities
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Literature Review
		13.2.1 Types of Faults
	13.3 Existing System
		13.3.1 Tracer Method
		13.3.2 Terminal Method
	13.4 Material and Methods
	13.5 Software Used
		13.5.1 Advanced IP Scanner
		13.5.2 MobaXterm
	13.6 Results and Discussion
		13.6.1 Mult-fault (IoT):
		13.6.2 Single-fault (IoT)
	13.7 Conclusion and Future Enhancement
	References
Chapter 14 Heart Disease Classification Using Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Neural Network
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Materials and Methods
	14.3 ECG Signal Processing through Wavelet Transform
	14.4 Supervised Machine Learning Approach
		14.4.1 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM)
		14.4.2 Self-Adaptive Resource Allocation Network (SRAN) Classifier
		14.4.3 Back Propagation Neural Network Classifier (BPNN)
		14.4.4 Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN)
	14.5 Performance Measure
	14.6 Results and Discussion
	14.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15 Computer-Aided Diagnosis toward Improving Severity Assessment of Dysarthria
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Related Works
	15.3 Materials and Methods
		15.3.1 Speech Corpus
		15.3.2 Methodology
		15.3.3 Speech Analysis
		15.3.4 Feature Extraction
		15.3.5 Severity Classification
	15.4 Experimental Results and Discussions
	15.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16 SVM-Based Demodulator for QPSK Signal Suitable for Vehicular Communication
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 System Model
	16.3 Simulation Results
	16.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17 Medicinal Image Watermarking System for Recovering Embedded Information from Therapeutic Restorative Images
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Literature Review
	17.3 Proposed Method
		17.3.1 Division of Medical Images
		17.3.2 Hash Estimation of ROI
		17.3.3 Run Length Encoding
		17.3.4 Mapping between Pieces of ROI and RONI
		17.3.5 Embedding Algorithm
		17.3.6 Extraction Algorithm
	17.4 Exploratory Results
	17.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18 Enhancement of Security and Fusion Techniques in Wireless Medical Sensor Network
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Related Work
		18.2.1 Health Data Security Using Cryptographic Techniques
		18.2.2 Health Data Security Using Biometric Techniques
	18.3 Biosensors Data Fusion
	18.4 Comparison of Security Techniques Used in WMSN
	18.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19 An Exploratory Data Analysis on Cardiovascular Disease
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Literature Survey
	19.3 Objective
	19.4 Data Analysis and Visualization
		19.4.1 Data Cleaning and Data Transformation
		Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Data Analysis and Visualization
			19.4.1.1 Diastolic bp and Systolic bp
			19.4.1.2 Correlation between the Attributes
			19.4.1.3 Gender vs CVD
	19.5 Conclusion
	19.6 Future Work
	References
Chapter 20 A Survey on Slight Barriers to Using Blockchain in Healthcare
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Related Works
	20.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 21 Encountering Privacy – Sensitive Information in Medical Documents
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Proposed Method
	21.3 Extracting Sensitive Words from Medical Documents
	21.4 Identifying the Sensitivity of the Document
	21.5 Clustering the Documents
	21.6 Results and Discussion
	21.7 Related Works
	21.8 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Chapter 22 High Throughput Image Analysis to Assess the Morphological Characteristics of Spirulina Platensis Using ImageJ Software
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Materials and Methods
		22.2.1 Culture Growth
		22.2.2 Slide Preparation and Microscopy
	22.3 Estimation of Geometric Parameters
		22.3.1 Solidity
		22.3.2 Circularity
		22.3.3 Integrated Density
	22.4 ImageJ
		22.4.1 Insert Scale and Scale Bar
		22.4.2 Image Analysis
	22.5 Results
		22.5.1 Grouping of Cells
			22.5.1.1 Analysis of Perimeter
			22.5.1.2 Analysis of Area
			22.5.1.3 Analysis of Circularity
			22.5.1.4 Analysis of Solidity
			22.5.1.5 Analysis of Integrated Density
			22.5.1.6 Calculation of the Error Percentage
	22.6 Discussion
	References
Chapter 23 Fluorescent Probes to Visualize Subcellular Localization of Proteins in Bacterial Cells
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Protein Tags
		23.2.1 Self-Labeling Enzyme Tags
		23.2.2 Fluorescent Protein Tags
	23.3 Fluorescent Protein Variants
	23.4 Fluorescent Protein – Types
	23.5 Imaging Techniques
		23.5.1 Forster Resonance Energy Transfer
		23.5.2 Challenges
		23.5.3 Fluorescent Recovery after Photobleaching
			23.5.3.1 Limitation of FRAP
	23.6 Fluorescent Loss in Photobleaching
	23.7 Fluorescent Localization after Photobleaching
		23.7.1 Limitations of Using Tags
	23.8 Major Challenges in FPS
	23.9 Conclusion
	References
Index