Sustainable Development Goals: Article-by-Article Commentary

Cover
Introduction
	I. Introduction
	II. Outline
	III. Evolutionary Aspects of Sustainable Development
		1. Overview
		2. The Contemporary Understanding of the SDGs
	IV. Preparation for a New Approach: The Main Character of the New Approach
	V. Normative Dimensions of the SDGs
	VI. Dignity and the Sustainable Development Goals
	VII. Theoretical Approach
	VIII. Methodology
		1. Operationalising the SDGs in a Theoretical Way
		2. Operationalising the SDGs in a Practical Sense
		3. Systematic Word Count
	IX. The Internal and External Systematic Approach
	X. The Internal Principles of the SDGs
		1. The ‘5 P’-Principle
			a) Ratio and Correlation to Sustainability
			b) New Approach of Extended Sustainable Development
			c) Relationship and Interpretational Guide of the 5 Ps
			d) SDGs ‘wrapped’ by Layers of Principles rooted in International Law
				i. People (P1)
				ii. Planet (P2)
				iii. Prosperity (P3)
				iv. Peace (P4)
				v. Partnership (P5)
				vi. Conclusion to the 5 Ps
		2. Multilateralism and the Inherent Care for Cooperation
		3. Equity Principle
		4. Principle of Access to Justice
		5. Principle of Integrated Nature of the Sustainable Development Goals
		6. Principle of the Three Dimensions of Sustainable Development
		7. Principle of Sustainable, Inclusive and Sustained Economic Growth
		8. The Matrix of Outcome Orientation
		9. A Revitalized Global Partnership
		10. Means of Implementation and the Revitalized Global Partnership
		11. Principle of Well-Being
		12. Principle of International Trade
		13. Strong Economic Foundations – Essence of Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth Prosperity
		14. Conclusion
	XI. External Principles
		1. Charter of the United Nations
		2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
		3. International Human Rights Treaties
		4. Committee on World Food Security, 1974
		5. Declaration on the Right to Development, 1986
		6. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992
		7. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, ‘Earth Summit’, 1992
		8. Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1993
		9. Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, 1994
		10. World Summit for Social Development, 1995
		11. Beijing Platform for Action, 1995
		12. Millennium Declaration, 2000
		13. World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), Johannesburg Summit, 2002
		14. New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), 2002
		15. World Summit Outcome, 2005
		16. Istanbul Declaration and Programme of Action, 2011
		17. Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, 2011
		18. United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, 2012
		19. 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns, 2012
		20. African Union’s Agenda 2063 and the Agenda 2063 – The Africa We Want, 2013
		21. Rome Declaration on Nutrition and the Framework for Action, 2014
		22. Second United Nations Conference on Landlocked Developing Countries, 2014
		23. Third International Conference on Small Island Developing States (SIDS), 2014
		24. Third United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015
		25. Addis Ababa Action Agenda, 2015
		26. Technology Facilitation Mechanism (TFM), 2015
		27. United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development, 2016
		28. Instruments mentioned in the Section entitled ‘Sustainable Development Goals and targets’
		29. Conclusion
	XII. Systematic Follow-up and Review of the Global Agenda 2030
		1. High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development
		2. Voluntary National Reviews
		3. Measurement by Indicators
		4. The Importance of Indicators
		5. Legal Implication of the Use of Indicators
		6. Conclusion
Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 1
		I. History of Poverty Alleviation by the UN
		II. Causes of Poverty
		III. Relation to Human Rights
		IV. Definitions
			1. Poverty
			2. Extreme Poverty
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 1
		I. Legal Foundations
			1. Human Rights and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
			2. The Role of States
		II. Inequalities, Poverty and Law
		III. Vulnerable Groups and Discrimination
	C. Interdependences of SDG 1
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 1
		I. Jurisdiction on Vision and Objectives
			1. International Jurisdiction
			2. European Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
			4. Domestic Jurisdiction
		II. The Enforcement of No Poverty
		III. De Facto Influences on Jurisdiction
	E. Conclusion on SDG 1
Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture End hunger, achieve food security
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 2
		I. UN History of Eradicating Global Hunger
		II. Agriculture and Hunger
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 2
		I. Elementary Definitions
			1. Malnutrition
			2. Hunger
			3. Undernourishment
			4. Food Security
			5. Food Systems
		II. Legal Foundations
			1. The Right to Food
			2. The Role of States
		III. International Food Systems, Food Security and the Right to Food
			1. Inequalities
			2. Climate Change, Population Growth and Food Security
			3. Inequalities between States and international Trade for Food
			4. Women, Children and other Vulnerable Groups
		IV. International Organisations related to Food and Nutrition
	C. Interdependences of SDG 2
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 2
		I. Jurisdiction on Vision and Objectives
			1. International Jurisdiction
			2. European Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
			4. Domestic Jurisdiction
		II. The Enforcement of a ‘Right to Zero Hunger’?
		III. De Facto Influences on Jurisdiction
	E. Conclusion on SDG 2
Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 3
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 3
		I. Elementary Definitions
		II. Legal Foundations
			1. Right to Health
			2. Well-Being
		III. International Organisations Related to Health and Well-Being
		IV. Public Health and Global Health: Framing the Scope of SDG 3
		V. SDG 3 and the State – Public Health Responsibilities
			1. Legal Context of the Targets
			2. SDG 3.3: End Epidemics and Combat Communicable Diseases
		VI. Universal Health Coverage and Free Health Care
		VII. A Specific Look on the Indicators of SDG 3
		VIII. Systematic Interpretation of SDG3
			1. WTO, TRIPS and Health
			2. Ocean and Health
	C. Interdependences of SDG 3
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 3
		I. Jurisdiction on Vision and Objectives
			1. International Jurisdiction of Human Rights Courts
			2. European Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
		II. Jurisdiction on SDG 3 Targets
		III. The Transfer of International Jurisdiction into National Jurisprudence
		IV. De Facto Influences on Jurisdiction
	E. Conclusion on SDG 3
Goal 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 4
		I. History of the Right to Education
		II. The 4 A’s
		III. UN History of Quality Education
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 4
		I. Legal Characteristics
		II. Elementary Definitions
			1. Education
			2. Equitable Education
			3. Inclusive Education
			4. Literacy, Numeracy and Skills
		III. Legal Foundations of the Right to Education
			1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
			2. Human Rights Instruments
		IV. Non-Discrimination, Equality and Equity
		V. International Organisations related to education
	C. Interdependences of SDG 4
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 4
		I. Jurisdiction on Vision and Objectives
			1. International Jurisdiction
			2. European Union Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
			4. Domestic Jurisdiction
		II. The Impact of International Jurisprudence on National Law
		III. De Facto Influences on Jurisdiction
	E. Conclusion on SDG 4
Goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 5
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 5
		I. Elementary Definitions
		II. Legal Foundations
			1. Human Rights and Women: Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ICESCR and ICCPR
			2. Human Rights and Women: CEDAW
		III. International Conventions and Declarations
			1. The Beijing Platform for Action
			2. Convention of Belém do Pará
			3. The Maputo Protocol
			4. The Istanbul Convention
	C. Interdependences of SDG 5
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 5
		I. Jurisdiction on Vision and Objectives
			1. International Jurisdiction
			2. European Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
			4. Domestic Jurisdiction
		II. The Enforcement of a ‘Right to Gender Equality’
		III. De Facto Influences on the Jurisdiction
	E. Conclusion on SDG 5
Goal 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 6
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 6
		I. Elementary Definitions
			1. Availability
			2. Accessibility
			3. Affordability
			4. Non-Discrimination
		II. Legal Foundations
			1. Water in International Law
			2. Right to Water and Sanitation
		III. Specific Look at the Indicators
		IV. UN Water as a Core Unit for Water
	C. Interdependences of SDG 6
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 6
		I. Jurisdiction on Vision and Principles
			1. International Jurisdiction
			2. European Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
			4. Domestic Jurisdiction
		II. Jurisdiction on Targets and Indicators
		III. The Enforcement of a ‘Right to Water’?
		IV. De Facto Influences on Jurisdiction
	E. Conclusion on SDG 6
Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 7
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 7
		I. Elementary Definitions
		II. Legal Foundations
		III. States’ Roles in Energy related Issues
			1. The Principle of National Resource Sovereignty
			2. Energy Diplomacy and Energy Security
			3. The Social Scope of Energy
	C. Interdependences of SDG 7
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 7
		I. Jurisdiction on Vision and Objectives
			1. International Jurisdiction
			2. European Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
			4. Domestic Jurisdiction
		II. De Facto Influences on the Jurisdiction
	E. Conclusion on SDG 7
Goal 8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and work
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 8
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 8
		I. Elementary Definitions
			1. Economic Growth and Decent Work
			2. Forced Labour, Modern Slavery, Human Trafficking and Child Labour
		II. Legal foundations
			1. Labour Law
			2. International Labour Law
			3. ILO Conventions
			4. ILO Declarations
			5. Human Rights and Decent Work
			6. Modern Slavery, Forced Labour, Child Labour and Human Trafficking
	C. Interdependences of SDG 8
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 8
		I. Jurisdiction on Vision and Objectives
			1. International Jurisdiction
			2. European Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
			4. Domestic Jurisdiction
		II. The Enforcement of a ‘Right to Decent Work and Economic Growth’
		III. De Facto Influences on Jurisdiction
	E. Conclusion on SDG 8
Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 9
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 9
		I. Infrastructure
		II. Industrialisation
		III. Innovation
	C. Interdependences of SDG 9
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 9
		I. Jurisdiction on Vision and Objectives
			1. International Jurisdiction
			2. European Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
			4. Domestic Jurisdiction
		II. De Facto Influences on Jurisdiction
	E. Conclusion on SDG 9
Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 10
		I. Inequality – Origin and Foundation of SDG 10
		II. Genesis of SDG 10
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 10
		I. Elementary Definitions
		II. Legal Foundations
			1. Inequality within Countries
			2. Inequalities between Countries
				a. SDG 10.5, SDG 10.6, SDG 10.7 and States’ Obligations
				b. International Trade and Inequality
		III. A Specific Look at the Indicators
	C. Interdependences of SDG 10
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 10
		I. Jurisdiction on Vision and Objectives
			1. International Jurisdiction
			2. European Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
			4. Domestic Jurisdiction
		II. The Enforcement of ‘No Inequality’
		III. De Facto Influences on the Jurisdiction
	E. Conclusion on SDG 10
Goal 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 11
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 11
		I. Definition of Cities
		II. The Right to Adequate Housing
			1. Forced Eviction
			2. Informal Settlements
		III. Public and Sustainable Transport
		IV. Urban and Territorial Planning
		V. Environmental Impacts
		VI. Public Spaces
		VII. Cultural and Natural Rights
		VIII. Disaster Risk Reduction
		IX. Women and Girls in Urban Planning
	C. Interdependences of SDG 11
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 11
		I. Jurisdiction on Vision and Objectives
			1. International Jurisdiction
			2. European Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
			4. Domestic Jurisdiction
		II. The Enforcement of a ‘Right to Sustainable, Safe, Inclusive Housing’?
		III. De Facto Influences on Jurisdiction
	E. Conclusion on SDG 11
Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 12
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 12
		I. Sustainable Consumption and Production
		II. Resource Efficiency and Sustainable Management of Natural Resources
		III. Waste and Chemical Management
			1. Waste Reduction and Extended Producer Responsibility
			2. Reduction of Food Waste
		IV. Green Economy and Green Growth
			1. Trade and Green Protection
			2. Sustainable Public Procurement
			3. Sustainable Tourism
			4. Corporate Sustainability Reporting
			5. Consumer Information and Education
	C. Interdependences of SDG 12
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 12
		I. Jurisdiction on Vision and Objectives
			1. International Jurisdiction
			2. European Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
			4. Domestic Jurisdiction
		II. The Enforcement of a ‘Right to Responsible Consumption and Production’
		III. De Facto Influences on Jurisdiction
	E. Conclusion on SDG 12
Goal 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impactsAcknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 13
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 13
		I. Legal Framework and Definitions
			1. Climate Change in International Environment Law
			2. Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities
		II. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
			1. Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction
			2. Building Resilience of Financial Systems
		III. Other Policy Responses to Combat Climate Change
		IV. International Trade and Climate Change
	C. Interdependences of SDG 13
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 13
		I. Jurisdiction on Vision and Objectives
			1. International Jurisdiction
			2. European Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
			4. Domestic Jurisdiction
		II. The Enforcement of a ‘Right to a Healthy Climate’
		III. De Facto Influences on Jurisdiction
	E. Conclusion on SDG 13
Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 14
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 14
		I. Sustainable use and Conservation of Oceans, Seas and Marine Resources
		II. Threats to Oceans
			1. Marine Pollution
			2. Marine Debris
			3. Ocean Acidification
		III. Protecting the Economy Surrounding Oceans
			1. Sustainable Fisheries
			2. Subsidies contributing to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
			3. Small Scale Fishers
	C. Interdependences of SDG 14
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 14
		I. Jurisdiction on Vision and Objectives
			1. International Jurisdiction
			2. European Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
			4. Domestic Jurisdiction
		II. The Enforcement of a ‘Right to healthy Oceans, Seas and Marine Resources’
		III. De Facto Influences on Jurisdiction
	E. Conclusion on SDG 14
Goal 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 15
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 15
		I. Sustainable Use and Conservation of the Terrestrial Ecosystem
		II. Sustainable Management of Forests
		III. Access and Benefit-Sharing
		IV. Threats to the Terrestrial Ecosystem
			1. Desertification and Land Degradation
			2. Climate Change
			3. Risk of Extinction
			4. Illegal Wildlife Trade
			5. Invasive Alien Species
	C. Interdependences of SDG 15
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 15
		I. Jurisdiction on Vision and Objectives
			1. International Jurisdiction
			2. European Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
			4. Domestic Jurisdiction
		II. The Enforcement of a ‘Right to Biodiversity’
		III. De Facto Influences on Jurisdiction
	E. Conclusion on SDG 15
Goal 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Promote peaceful and inclusive societies, provide access to justice for all
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 16
		I. Human Rights Background of SDG 16
		II. Nascence of SDG 16 – Visions about Securing the World
	B. Scope and dimensions of SDG 16
		I. Legal Foundation and tripartite Nature
			1. Peace
			2. Justice and Strong Institutions
		II. Elementary Definitions of legally significant Terms
			1. Abuse, Exploitation, Trafficking, Violence and Torture
			2. Rule of Law
			3. Corruption, Bribery and Bribe
			4. Participation
			5. Legal Identity
			6. Capacity
	C. Interdependences of SDG 16
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 16
		I. Vision and Principles
			1. International Jurisdiction
			2. European Jurisdiction
			3. Arbitration Proceedings
			4. Domestic Jurisdiction
		II. Jurisdiction on Targets and Indicators
		III. The Enforcement of SDG 16
		IV. De Facto Influences on Jurisdiction
		V. Evaluation of Jurisprudential Significance
	E. Conclusion on SDG 16
		I. Peace
		II. The Rule of Law
		III. Concept of Justice
		IV. Rule of Law and Women
Goal 17 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership
	A. Background and Origin of SDG 17
	B. Scope and Dimensions of SDG 17
		I. SDG 17 in Context of the Global Agenda 2030
		II. Means of Implementation
		III. Financial MoIs
		IV. Non-financial MoIs
	C. Interdependences of SDG 17
	D. Jurisprudential Significance of SDG 17
	E. De Facto Influences on SDG 17
	F. Conclusion
Epilogue
	I. SDG 1 and the Notion of No Poverty
	II. Tackling Hunger Everywhere with SDG 2
	III. Good Health and Well-Being with SDG 3
	IV. Enabling the Transformation – Education for Sustainable Development with SDG 4
	V. An Imperative of Humankind – Gender Equality with SDG 5 as a conditio sine qua non for Sustainable Development
	VI. Availability of Clean Water and Sanitation for all with SDG 6
	VII. Affordable and Clean Energy with SDG 7
	VIII. Decent Work and Economic Growth with SDG 8
	IX. Science, Technology and Innovation as Transformative Output of SDG 9
	X. Reducing Inequalities with SDG 10
	XI. Partnerships for Sustainable Cities and Communities with SDG 11
	XII. Responsible Consumption and Production with SDG 12
	XIII. Climate Action with SDG 13
	XIV. Sustaining Life Below Water with SDG 14
	XV. Sustaining Life on Land with SDG 15
	XVI. Legal Transition and Dependability – SDG 16 as Enabler for the Sustainable Transformation
	XVII. Cooperation at the Core of the New Approach with SDG 17
	XVIII. Conclusion
Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015
	70/1. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
		Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
			Preamble
				Declaration
			Introduction
			Our vision
			Our shared principles and commitments
			Our world today
			The new Agenda
			Means of implementation
			Follow-up and review
			A call for action to change our world
			Sustainable Development Goals and targets
			Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
			Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
			Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
			Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
			Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
			Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
			Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
			Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
			Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
			Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
			Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
			Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
			Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impactsAcknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.
			Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
			Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
			Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
			Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development
			Means of implementation and the Global Partnership
			Follow-up and review
			National level
			Regional level
			Global level