Sustainable Development for Energy, Power, and Propulsion

Local Organization Team and Message from the Director, NIT, Kurukshetra
Preface
Introduction
Contents
About the Editors
High-Speed Propulsion
Towards Credible CFD Analysis of High-Speed Propulsion Systems
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Role of CFD
	2 Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations
		2.1 Process of Verification
		2.2 Process of Validation
	3 Verification and Validation of the Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) Concept
		3.1 Verification of Idealized PDE Simulations
		3.2 Validation of Idealized PDE Simulations
	4 The Rotating Detonation Engine Concept
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Numerical Study of Spherical and Cylindrical Shock Wave Focusing
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Shock Focusing
		1.2 Application of Shock Wave Focusing
	2 Experimental Methods for Shock Wave Focusing
	3 Computational Method
		3.1 Computational Domain
	4 Test Conditions
		4.1 Validation of Results
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Cylindrical Shock Convergence
		5.2 Spherical Shock Convergence
		5.3 Real Gas Effects
	6 Conclusion
	References
Renewable Fuels
Renewable Energy Derived from Water Hyacinth Through Hydrothermal Gasification
	1 Introduction
	2 Water Hyacinth
		2.1 General
		2.2 Negative Impacts of Water Hyacinth
		2.3 Use of Water Hyacinth
		2.4 Fuel Properties of Water Hyacinth
	3 Hydrothermal Gasification
		3.1 Theory
		3.2 Literature Review on Hydrothermal Gasification
		3.3 Summary
	4 Experimental Study on the Hydrothermal Gasification of Water Hyacinth Without Catalyst
		4.1 Designing of the Experiment’s Conditions
		4.2 Experiment Setup
		4.3 Feedstock Preparation
		4.4 Experimental Procedure
		4.5 Determination of Lower Heating Value (LHV)
		4.6 Experimental Results
	5 Summary
	References
Thermochemical Solutions for CO2 Utilization to Fuels and Value-Added Products
	1 Introduction
	2 Carbon Cycle and Its Impact on Climate
		2.1 Weathering-Metamorphism Feedback
		2.2 Milankovitch Cycle and Albedo
		2.3 Oceanic Carbon Sink
	3 Anthropogenic Influence on Carbon Cycle
		3.1 Impact of Anthropogenic Emissions on the Oceanic Sink
		3.2 Duration of Global Warming
		3.3 Climate Change Accelerating Factors
	4 Need for Carbon Cycle Restoration
	5 Carbon Capture
		5.1 Absorption-Based Capture
		5.2 Adsorption-Based Capture
		5.3 Membrane-Based Capture
		5.4 Solid Sorbents Looping-Based Capture
	6 Carbon Recycling by CO2 Utilization
	7 Thermolysis of CO2
	8 Thermochemical Looping
		8.1 Volatile Cycles
		8.2 Non-volatile Cycles
	9 Biomass and Solid Wastes-Assisted Thermochemical Conversion
	10 Conclusions and Future Endeavors
	References
Performance and Controlling Regimes Analysis of Methane Steam Reforming on Ru/γ-Al2O3 Cordierite Monoliths
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Chemicals and Monoliths
		2.2 Catalysts Preparation
		2.3 Catalytic Tests
		2.4 Characterization on the Best-Selected Catalyst
		2.5 Stability Measurements
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Ru/Rh Metal on γ-Al2O3 Carrier: Metal-Base Catalysts Comparison
		3.2 Ru/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst: Loading Comparison
		3.3 Mass Transfer Effects on Ru/γ-Al2O3 Structured Monolith Catalyst
		3.4 Heat Transfer Effects on Ru/γ-Al2O3 Structured Monolith Catalyst
		3.5 Characterization of Powdered Catalyst and Coated Structured Supports
		3.6 Ageing Test on the Best Performing Coated Monolith
	4 Conclusion
	Appendix
		Estimation of Fluid Properties
		Estimation of Coated Layer Properties
		Characteristic Time Analysis
		External and Internal Mass Transfer Analysis
		Heat Transfer Effects
	References
Flames and Reacting Systems
Effect of Natural Gas Blend Enrichment with Hydrogen on Laminar Burning Velocity and Flame Stability
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Preferential Diffusion Instability
		1.2 Objectives of the Present Study
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Fuel Selection
		2.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure
		2.3 Numerical Simulation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of NG Composition on LBV
		3.2 Effect of NG Composition on Flame Stability
		3.3 Effect of Enrichment with H2 on the LBV of NG Blend
		3.4 Analysis Based on the Expression Derived from Single-Step Global Reaction Asymptotics
		3.5 Effect of Enrichment with H2 on the Flame Stability of NG–H2 Blend
		3.6 Numerical Modeling of NG–H2 Blends
		3.7 Effect of Enrichment with H2 on Combustion Chemistry
		3.8 Summary
	References
Blowoff Characteristics of Laminar Partially Premixed Flames of Palm Methyl Ester/Jet A Blends
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup and Method
		2.1 Setup
		2.2 Methodology
		2.3 Damköhler Number Calculations
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Flame Blowoff Images
		3.2 Blowoff Velocity (No Coflow)
		3.3 Effects of Coflow on Blowoff Velocity
		3.4 Damköhler Number
		3.5 Blowoff Velocity of Blend Flames
		3.6 Flame Temperature
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Composition and Octane Sensitivity of Gasoline Surrogates on PAH Emissions
	1 Introduction
	2 Results and Discussion
		2.1 Binary Blends
		2.2 Ternary Blends
		2.3 Effect of Octane Sensitivity on PAHs—Ternary and Quaternary Mixtures
	3 Summary
	References
Hybrid RANS/LES Simulation of Methane–LOx Combustion
	1 Background
	2 Mathematical Formulation
		2.1 Turbulence Modeling
		2.2 Combustion Modeling
		2.3 Flamelet Generation
		2.4 Real Gas Equations of State
		2.5 Computational Details
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Instantaneous Flow Visualization
		3.2 Averaged Flow Field Analysis
		3.3 Effect of Chamber Pressure
	4 Conclusion
	References
Experimental and Numerical Studies on Combustion-Based Small-Scale Power Generators
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Details
		2.1 Microcombustor Details
		2.2 Micropower Generator Details
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Thermal Characteristics of the Combustors
		3.2 Power Characteristics of the Power Generator
		3.3 Self-aspirating Power Generator
	4 Numerical Modelling of Micropower Generator
		4.1 Computational Domain and Governing Equations
		4.2 Boundary Conditions and Reaction Modelling
		4.3 Numerical Methodology
		4.4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Combustion Systems
Fundamental Combustion Research Challenged to Meet Designers’ Expectations
	1 Introduction
	2 Accuracy Goals and Current Status
	3 Challenges for Fundamental Research Dealing with Surprises
	4 RANS and TFNS Simulations for Supporting SV-LDI-2 and LDI-3 Technology Development
		4.1 OpenNCC Computational Approaches and Methods
		4.2 LDI-2 Configurations, Operating Conditions, and Results
		4.3 LDI-3 Configurations, Operating Conditions, and Results
	5 Fundamental Diagnostics and Model Validation of LDI-2 Pilot
		5.1 Experimental Specifications
		5.2 Experimental Results
		5.3 CFD Results
	6 Summary
	References
Mitigation of Thermoacoustic Instability Through Amplitude Death: Model and Experiments
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Amplitude Death in Coupled Oscillators
		1.2 Thermoacoustic Instability and Existing Control Mechanisms
		1.3 A Novel Approach to Mitigate Thermoacoustic Oscillations
	2 Model for Coupled Rijke Tube Oscillators
	3 Model Results and Discussions
		3.1 Effect of Time-Delay Coupling
		3.2 Effect of Dissipative Coupling
		3.3 Effect of Simultaneous Application of Time-Delay and Dissipative Coupling
		3.4 Effect of Asymmetrical Coupling on AD Phenomenon
	4 Experimental Set-Up and Data Analysis
	5 Experimental Results and Discussions
		5.1 Effect of Variation in Coupling Parameters on Identical Oscillators
		5.2 Effect of Frequency Detuning on the Amplitude Suppression Behaviour of Coupled Oscillators
	6 Summary
	References
Emission Characteristics and Flame Stability in HEFA Fueled Gas Turbine Combustors
	1 Introduction
	2 Combustor Tests and Conditions
		2.1 Basic Combustion Tests
		2.2 Single Sector Combustor Testing at JAXA Combustion Test Rig
	3 Results
		3.1 Results of Basic Combustion Testing
		3.2 Combustion Testing with RQL Combustor
		3.3 Combustion Testing with Concentric Lean Burn Combustor
		3.4 Discussions
	4 Conclusion
	References
Aerothermal Technologies for Low Emissions Combustors
	1 Introduction and Background
	2 Combustor/Turbomachinery Matching
		2.1 Compressor/Combustor Interaction
		2.2 Combustor/Turbine Interaction
	3 Combustor Cooling
		3.1 Effusion Cooling
		3.2 Cooled Cooling Air
	4 Fuel Injector Technology
		4.1 High Swirl Injector Aerodynamics
		4.2 Injector Aeroacoustics
		4.3 Injector Two-Phase Flow
	5 Future Developments—National Centre for Combustion and Aerothermal Technology
	6 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Cluster Analysis of Turbulent Premixed Combustion Using On-the-fly Flame Particle Tracking
	1 Introduction
	2 Computational Techniques
		2.1 Solver
		2.2 Governing Equations
		2.3 Governing Equations for Flame Particles
		2.4 Cluster Analysis
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Validation
		3.2 Flame Particle Trajectories
		3.3 Kinematic Restoration
		3.4 Cluster Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Starting Characteristics of a Micro Gas Turbine Engine at Different Loading Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup and Instrumentation
		2.1 Single-Spool Turbojet Engine
		2.2 Pressure Measurements
		2.3 Temperature Measurements
		2.4 Other Measurements
		2.5 Data Acquisition
		2.6 Simulating Loading on Engine
		2.7 Experimental Procedure
		2.8 Engine Starting Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Steady-State Operation of the Engine
		3.2 Transient Operation During Engine Starting
	4 Summary
	References
Transport Processes in Energy Systems
Transported PDF Modeling of Jet-in-Hot-Coflow Flames
	1 Background
	2 Tabulated Chemistry Construction
		2.1 Coflow Representation
		2.2 3D Manifold Construction
	3 PDF Formulation with 3D-FGM Table
	4 Simulation Details
	5 Results and Assessment
		5.1 Effect of Progress Variable
		5.2 Effect of Mixing Models and PDF Models
	6 Conclusion
	References
CFD Simulation of Soot Dynamics in the Exhaust System of an Engine to Meet Particulate Standards of 2020 and Beyond
	1 Introduction
	2 Aerosol Transport and Dynamics Model
		2.1 Coagulation
		2.2 Gravitational Settling
		2.3 Thermophoresis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Polydisperse Spray Modeling Using Eulerian Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Model Description
	3 One-Dimensional Transport of Evaporating Polydisperse Sprays
	4 Two-Dimensional Transport of Evaporating Polydisperse Spray in Gaseous Crossflow
	5 Summary
	References
Sustainable Energy Technologies
Future Aviation Biofuel, Efficiency and Climate Change
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Jet Fuel Specifications
	2 Renewable Resources
		2.1 Camelina
		2.2 Jatropha
		2.3 Algae
		2.4 Wastes
		2.5 Halophytes
	3 Production Technology Overview of Bio-aviation Fuel
	4 Main Reaction Involve in Production of Bio-jet Fuel
		4.1 Hydrogenolysis
		4.2 Deoxygenation
		4.3 Hydrodeoxygenation
	5 Deoxygenation Catalyst Features
	6 Factors Impacting the Deoxygenation Process
		6.1 Feedstocks
		6.2 Reaction Atmosphere
		6.3 Reaction Temperature
	7 Bio-jet Fuel Production Challenges
		7.1 Environmental Issues
		7.2 Production Issues
		7.3 Distribution Issues
		7.4 Feedstock Availability and Sustainability
		7.5 Compatibility with Traditional Fuel
	8 Future Outlook and Suggestions
	9 Conclusion
	References
A Review of Modern Hydrogen Combustor Injection Technologies for the Aerospace Sector
	1 Introduction
	2 Premixed Systems
	3 Rotating Detonation Engines
	4 Rich-Lean Injectors
	5 Diffusive Mixing
	6 Micromix Injection
	7 Summary
	References
Aerodynamic Behavior of Rear-Tubercle Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
		2.1 Test Facility
		2.2 Model Wind Turbine at UWM Lab
		2.3 Hot Wire Probe and Anemometry
	3 Aerofoil Design
		3.1 NACA 4412 Airfoil
		3.2 Slotted Airfoil
		3.3 Tubercle Airfoil
	4 Simulation Technology
	5 NACA 4412 CFD Analysis
		5.1 Velocity
		5.2 Pressure
		5.3 Slotted-Blade CFD Analysis
	6 Tubercle-Blade CFD Analysis
	7 Experimental Results for Rotating Blades
	8 Conclusions
	References
Methanol-Based Economy: A Way Forward to Hydrogen
	1 Introduction
	2 Hydrogen Economy
		2.1 Challenges of the Hydrogen Economy
		2.2 Transition from Hydrogen to Methanol Economy
	3 Methanol Production
		3.1 Methanol from Natural Gas
		3.2 Methanol from Biomass
		3.3 Methanol from CO2
	4 Comparison of Storage of Methanol and Hydrogen
	5 Methanol Use as a Fuel
		5.1 Methanol Use as an SI Engine Fuel
		5.2 Methanol Use as a CI Engine Fuel
		5.3 Methanol Use as a Fuel Cell
	6 Challenges of Methanol Economy
	7 Conclusion
	References