Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Techniques, Applications and Commercialization

Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Techniques, Applications and Commercialization......Page 1
©......Page 2
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
Section 1 Potential Biomass Sources......Page 8
1. Introduction......Page 10
2.1. Material......Page 12
2.3. Property test......Page 13
3.1. FTIR analysis......Page 14
3.2. XRD analysis......Page 16
Author details......Page 18
References......Page 19
1. Introduction......Page 22
2.1. Structure of sugarcane......Page 23
2.2. Physical and chemical compositions of sugarcane......Page 25
3. Methods of separation of hemicellulose from cellulignin complex......Page 27
References......Page 28
4.1. Structure of hemicellulose......Page 29
4.3. Products from hemicellulose......Page 30
References......Page 31
5. Conclusion and future recommendations......Page 39
References......Page 40
1. Introduction......Page 54
2. Diluted acid pretreatment......Page 56
2.1. Advantages and disadvantages of acid pretreatment......Page 59
3.1. Liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatments......Page 60
3.2. Steam pretreatment......Page 61
4. Steam-explosion pretreatment......Page 62
5.1. Milling......Page 65
5.1.1. Ball milling......Page 66
5.1.3. Wet disk milling (WDM)......Page 67
5.2. Extrusion process......Page 68
5.2.1. Advantages and disadvantages of extrusion pretreatment......Page 71
6. Ionic liquid pretreatment......Page 72
6.1. Advantages and disadvantages of IL pretreatment......Page 76
7.2. Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment......Page 77
7.3. Biological pretreatment......Page 78
8. Conclusion......Page 79
References......Page 82
Section 2 Biomass Processing......Page 96
1. Introduction......Page 98
2.2. Saccarification......Page 99
2.3. Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF)......Page 100
3.2. Alkali-pretreatment......Page 101
3.4. Effectiveness of lignin-removal on Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF)......Page 103
4. Conclusion......Page 107
Author details......Page 108
References......Page 109
1. Introduction......Page 112
2.3. Enzyme hydrolysis......Page 114
2.6. Statistical analysis......Page 115
3.2. Ethanol production from washed and non-washed hydrolyzates......Page 116
3.3. Differences between washed and non-washed hydrolyzates......Page 119
4. Conclusions......Page 120
References......Page 121
1. Introduction......Page 126
2. Structure and composition of the cell wall......Page 127
3. Cellulose structure......Page 128
4. Cellulose crystallinity......Page 129
5. Cellulose allomorphs......Page 130
6. Cellulose-degrading microorganisms......Page 133
7. Cellulose degradation mediated by cellulosome......Page 134
9. Cellulolytic organisms from extreme environments......Page 137
10. Cellulases structure......Page 139
12. Cellulose biodegradation......Page 140
13. Cellulases......Page 141
14. Endoglucanases......Page 142
16. β-glucosidases......Page 143
17. Synergy between cellulases......Page 144
18.1. Expansins......Page 145
18.2. Novel proteins with expansin-like activity......Page 147
19. Conclusions......Page 148
References......Page 149
1. Introduction......Page 164
1.1. Response Surface Methodology (RSM)......Page 166
1.2. Oil palm trunk......Page 167
2.2. Alkaline delignification of steam-exploded pulp......Page 168
2.4. Inoculums and ethanol fermentation......Page 169
2.7. Glucose determination......Page 170
3.1. Chemical components of oil palm trunk and steam exploded oil palm trunk pulp......Page 171
3.2. Model fitting for optimization of alkaline delignification......Page 172
3.3. Model fitting for optimization of enzyme hydrolysis......Page 177
3.4.2. Production of ethanol from hydrolyzed solution of NaOH and KOH delignified pulp and nondelignified pulp......Page 182
4. Conclusion......Page 183
References......Page 184
Section 3 Microbial Pretreatment of Lignocellulosics......Page 186
1. Introduction......Page 188
2. Mechanical, thermomechanical and thermochemical pretreatments......Page 190
3.1. Microbial consortia......Page 192
3.2. Lignin-degrading fungi......Page 193
3.2.1. Species and systems investigated......Page 194
3.2.2.1. Oxidative mechanisms......Page 195
3.2.2.3. Fungal enzyme discovery, production, and application......Page 197
3.2.2.4. Exploiting fungal mutants for biological pretreatment......Page 198
4. Conclusions and future outlook......Page 199
References......Page 202
1. Introduction......Page 214
2. Plant cell wall polysaccharides and lignin......Page 215
3. Microbial degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides......Page 217
4. Ethanol production from the fermentable feedstock from lignocellulosic biomass......Page 219
5. Fungal enzyme sets for lignocellulosic degradation......Page 220
6. Cellulose degradation......Page 221
7. Hemicellulose degradation......Page 222
8. Pectin degradation......Page 224
9. Lignin degradation......Page 226
10. Regulation of cell-wall degrading enzymes production in fungi......Page 227
11. Induction of cellulases......Page 228
12. Induction of hemicellulases and pectinases......Page 229
15. The transcriptional activator XlnR......Page 230
16. The transcriptional regulators Xyr1, Ace1 and Ace2......Page 231
17. Other regulators involved in plant polysaccharide degradation in Aspergilli......Page 233
18. Transcriptional regulators of plant polysaccharide degradation genes in Neurospora crassa......Page 234
19. Carbon catabolite repression in Aspergilli......Page 235
20. Improving microbial strains for degradation of lignocellulosic biomass......Page 237
21. Conclusions and future perspectives......Page 238
References......Page 240
Section 4 Sustainable Products from Lignocellulosics......Page 256
1. Introduction......Page 258
2.1. Structure and distribution......Page 259
3.1. Classification and mode of action......Page 261
3.1.1. GH families 10 and 11......Page 263
3.1.2. GH families 5, 7, 8 and 43......Page 264
3.2.1. The paper and pulp industries......Page 265
3.2.3. The pharmaceutical, food and feed industries......Page 266
3.3. Xylanase assays......Page 267
3.4. Producing microorganisms......Page 268
3.4.1. Fungi......Page 269
3.5. Production of xylanases under SSF and SmF......Page 270
3.6. Cloning and expression of xylanases......Page 271
3.6.2. Expression in yeast......Page 272
4. Conclusion......Page 273
References......Page 274