Sustainable Cities (Regional Development and Public Policy Series)

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 10
PART A SUSTAINABILITY AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT......Page 11
1.1 CITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT: PROBLEMS AND POTENTIAL......Page 18
1.2.1 Cities......Page 23
1.2.2 Urban environment......Page 24
1.2.3 Sustainable development......Page 25
1.2.4 Sustainable urban development......Page 32
1.3 SUMMARY: URBAN SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCIES......Page 36
DISCUSSION POINTS......Page 37
2.1.1 Introduction......Page 38
2.1.2 Population growth......Page 40
2.1.3 The changing function of the city in the global economy and globalecology......Page 42
2.2.1 The contemporary forces of urban growth and urbanisation......Page 47
2.2.2 Migration and cities......Page 52
2.2.3 Agglomeration economies and diseconomies......Page 56
2.3 EXTERNALITIES AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT......Page 58
2.4.1 Big is beautiful?......Page 61
2.4.2 Flexibility is beautiful?......Page 67
2.4.3 Small is beautiful......Page 70
2.5.1 For and against very large cities......Page 77
2.5.2 Very large cities: optimum size and regional planning......Page 79
2.6 CONCLUSIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT......Page 85
DISCUSSION POINTS......Page 86
CHAPTER THREE Inside the Social City Region......Page 87
3.1 URBAN DENSITY AND URBAN SPRAWL......Page 88
3.1.1 Against high-density living......Page 89
3.1.2 For high-density living......Page 90
3.1.3 Against low-density living......Page 91
3.1.4 For low-density living......Page 94
3.1.5 Policies for raising urban population densities......Page 96
3.2.1 The case for a reversion to mixed land uses......Page 99
3.2.2 Energy, transport and urban form......Page 102
3.3 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT......Page 106
3.4.1 The rise and fall of large-scale, large-grained plans......Page 109
3.4.2 Bad buildings and designing against nature......Page 112
3.4.3 Building better, building greener......Page 115
3.4.4 Designing for or against the car......Page 116
3.4.5 Currently favoured ingredients for good urban design......Page 118
3.4.6 ‘Organic’ planning as fragmentation and privatisation......Page 120
3.4.7 Shanty towns: the ultimate bottom-up approach?......Page 122
3.5 URBAN DESIGN AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT......Page 124
3.6 CHANGING THE CITY FROM WITHIN......Page 127
FURTHER READING......Page 128
DISCUSSION POINTS......Page 129
PART B INTRODUCTION TO POLLUTION......Page 130
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 135
4.2 THE URBAN CLIMATE......Page 136
4.3 GENERAL AIR POLLUTION......Page 140
4.4.1 Sulphur compounds......Page 142
4.4.2 Carbon oxides......Page 148
4.4.3 Particulates......Page 149
4.4.4 Nitrogen oxides......Page 153
4.5 SMOG......Page 154
4.6 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCS)......Page 157
4.7 METALS......Page 158
4.8 NOISE......Page 160
4.9.1 Ozone depletion......Page 161
4.9.2 Global warming......Page 164
KEY THEMES......Page 167
DISCUSSION POINTS......Page 168
5.2 FRESH WATER RESOURCES, URBAN DEMAND AND URBAN HYDROLOGY......Page 169
5.3 GENERAL WATER POLLUTION......Page 177
5.4 ORGANIC WASTES......Page 183
5.5 PATHOGENIC MICRO-ORGANISMS......Page 186
5.6.1 Suspended sediment......Page 189
5.6.2 Metals......Page 190
5.6.3 Plant nutrients: nitrates and phosphates......Page 193
5.7 ORGANIC CHEMICALS......Page 194
5.8 ACID DEPOSITION......Page 197
5.9 CONCLUSIONS......Page 199
DISCUSSION POINTS......Page 200
PART C FROM PRINCIPLES TO POLICIES ADDRESSING URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS......Page 202
6.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES......Page 203
6.2.1 Prevention is better than cure......Page 207
6.2.2 Nothing stands alone......Page 208
6.2.3 Minimise waste; maximise the use of renewable and recyclablematerials......Page 210
6.2.4 Maintain and enhance ‘requisite variety’......Page 215
6.2.5 Identify and respect local, regional and global environmental tolerances......Page 216
6.3.1 Use of appropriate technologies, materials and design......Page 217
6.3.2 Create new indicators for economic and environmental wealth......Page 221
6.3.3 Creating new indicators for economic and environmental productivity......Page 222
6.3.4 Estatabishing acceptable minimum standards through regulatorycontrol......Page 223
6.3.5 Continuing action to internalise environmental costs into the market......Page 224
6.3.6 Ensure social acceptability of environmental policies......Page 225
6.3.7 Widespread public participation......Page 226
6.4 MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT......Page 227
6.4.1 Subsidiarity......Page 228
6.4.2 Flexibility in devising and implementing environmental policy regimes......Page 229
6.4.3 Long-term strategies are necessary for effective environmentalmanagement......Page 230
6.4.4 Improved coordination across environment-related policies......Page 231
6.4.5 Non-discrimination and equal right of hearing......Page 234
6.4.6 Need for better availability and understanding of environmentalinformation......Page 235
FURTHER READING......Page 236
DISCUSSION POINTS......Page 237
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 238
7.2.1 Background to EIA......Page 241
7.2.2 Basic features of an EIA system......Page 244
7.2.3 Problems and opportunities in the use of EIA......Page 254
LOCAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AND SOCIAL SCOPING......Page 255
WIDENING THE INTERPRETATION OF ENVIRONMENT......Page 256
IMPACT PREDICTION AND EVALUATION......Page 258
BEYOND THE PROJECT LEVEL......Page 261
7.2.4 Conclusions......Page 262
7.3.1 Context......Page 263
7.3.2 Introduction to economic tools for environmental change......Page 265
CORRECTING PERVERSE INTERVENTIONS IN THE MARKET......Page 268
REFORMING ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS......Page 269
MAKING ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE AND ACCOUNTABLE......Page 271
7.3.3 The limits of economic policy......Page 272
7.3.4 Sharing the burdens and benefits of economic policy......Page 275
7.3.5 Economic approaches to urban transport problems......Page 279
7.4 SUMMARY......Page 284
DISCUSSION POINTS......Page 285
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 286
8.2 CHANGING THE SHAPE AND FORM OF THE IDEAL CITY......Page 287
8.2.1 Balanced integration with the regional natural environment......Page 288
8.2.2 Decentralisation, dispersion and assimilation within the naturalenvironment......Page 291
8.2.3 Urban concentration and the control of nature......Page 292
8.2.4 Concentrated decentralisation......Page 294
8.2.5 Drawing some conclusions for the green city......Page 296
8.3.1 International and national governments and sustainable urbandevelopment......Page 297
8.3.2 Local government and sustainable urban development......Page 301
8.3.3 Local communities and sustainable urban development......Page 304
8.4 MANAGING THE SUSTAINABLE CITY......Page 306
8.5 FINALE......Page 310
DISCUSSION POINTS......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 313
INDEX......Page 336