Sustainable Building and Built Environments to Mitigate Climate Change in the Tropics: Conceptual and Practical Approaches

Preface......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
About the Editors......Page 9
Chapter 1: Introduction: The Tropics: A Region Defined by Climate......Page 11
 1 Limiting Climate Change by Limiting CO2......Page 12
 2 Limits Defined by the Paris Climate Agreement......Page 13
 3 Climate Change in the Tropics......Page 14
 References......Page 15
Part I: The Sustainability of the Built Environment......Page 17
  1 Introduction......Page 18
  2 Indonesia as a Tropical Developing Country......Page 21
  3 Problems of Improving the Wellbeing in the Developing Countries......Page 23
  4 Climate, Development and Energy Consumption......Page 27
  5 Mitigating Climate Change Without Sacrificing the Country’s Development......Page 30
  References......Page 33
  1 Carbon and Ecological Footprint......Page 35
  2 Economics and Growth......Page 37
  3 Limits to Growth......Page 39
  4 Policies and Footprints......Page 40
   4.3 Personal Transport......Page 41
  References......Page 44
 Chapter 4: Monitoring Climate Change Adaptation: Lessons from Scotland......Page 47
  1 Introduction......Page 48
  2 Concepts Underlying the Notion of Adaptation......Page 49
  3 Different Classes of Indicators......Page 51
  4 Climate Change as a ‘Wicked Problem’......Page 52
  6 The Scottish Climate Change Adaptation Programme (SCCAP)......Page 53
  7 Challenges and Lessons......Page 55
  8 Conclusions......Page 57
  References......Page 58
  1 Introduction......Page 60
  2 Sustainable Development Goals......Page 61
   2.1 Environment......Page 62
   2.3 Economy......Page 63
   3.1 Economic Indicators......Page 64
    3.1.1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)......Page 65
  4 Sustainable Portion of GDP (GDPs)......Page 66
    4.1.1 Ecological Footprint (EF)......Page 67
    4.2.2 Environmental Characteristics......Page 68
   5.1 Otago Central Rail Trail (OCRT) – Background......Page 69
   5.3 The EF of Sustainable Living......Page 70
   5.4 The Overshoot Portion of OCRT EF- Energy......Page 71
   5.6 The Cost of Generating Energy Through Using Renewable Energy Sources......Page 72
    5.6.1 First Scenario......Page 73
    5.6.2 Second Scenario......Page 74
  References......Page 75
 Chapter 6: Sustainable Transport: A Comparison of Ecological Footprint and Travel Patterns in Three Cities in Vietnam, New Zealand and Finland......Page 77
  1 Introduction......Page 78
   2.1 Mode of Travel......Page 79
   2.2 Travel Distance......Page 81
   2.3 Travel by Purpose......Page 83
  3 Higher Density?......Page 86
  4 Transport Footprints......Page 88
  5 Conclusion......Page 93
  References......Page 94
 Chapter 7: Smart Community Energy Systems for Low Carbon Living......Page 96
  1 Introduction......Page 97
  2 Autarky Workshop......Page 99
   3.1 Introduction......Page 100
   3.2 Supply Demand Matching......Page 102
   3.3 Further Work......Page 103
  References......Page 104
Part II: Adapting City for Climate Change......Page 106
  1 Introduction......Page 107
  2 Climate Change and Frequent Floods......Page 108
  3 Solving the Problems: Raising the City......Page 112
  References......Page 114
 Chapter 9: STEVE Tool Plug-in for SketchUp: A User-­Friendly Microclimatic Mapping Tool for Estate Development......Page 116
  2 Temperature Prediction Tool for Estate Development......Page 117
   2.1 Outdoor Thermal Comfort Prediction Model......Page 121
   3.1 Developing Analysis Tool Plugin for SketchUp......Page 122
   3.2 Preparing and Exporting 3D Models from SketchUp......Page 123
   3.3 Sky View Factor Calculation......Page 124
   3.5 Greenery Planting Tool Feature......Page 125
   3.6 Outdoor Thermal Comfort Maps......Page 128
   3.8 Data Exporting......Page 130
  References......Page 131
  1 Introduction......Page 134
  2 Muara Angke Fishing Settlements......Page 135
  3 The Inhabitants’ Profiles and the Actions Taken to Reduce the Floods......Page 137
  4 Problems of the Settlement and Inhabitants: Floods and Evictions......Page 141
  5 Overcoming the Problems......Page 144
   5.1 Flood Responsive Design......Page 145
   5.2 The Development Process of the New Fishing Settlement......Page 146
   5.3 Sustainable Concepts: Sanitation, Energy Generation and Food Gardens......Page 149
  References......Page 150
 Chapter 11: Proposed Design of Bicycle Lanes Around Jakarta’s East Flood Canal......Page 152
  1 Introduction......Page 153
  2 Motorised Vehicles and the Air Quality of the City......Page 154
  4 Observation Around Jakarta’s East Flood Canal (KBT)......Page 155
  5 Observations Regarding Public and Social Facilities......Page 157
  6 The Proposed Bicyle Lanes Design as an Urban Linkage......Page 162
  References......Page 166
  1 Introduction......Page 167
  2 History of the Riverbank Settlements in Jakarta and the Problem......Page 168
  3 Kampung Melayu Squatter Settlements......Page 172
  4 Profile of the Inhabitants and Problems Caused by Frequent Floods......Page 175
   5.1 Location and the Construction Process of the New Settlement......Page 178
   5.2 Building Design and the Sustainable Features......Page 180
  References......Page 185
Part III: Mitigating Building for Climate Change......Page 186
 Chapter 13: Mitigating the Environmental Impacts of the Development of Ecotourism Through Using Refurbished Buildings as Its Related Accommodation Services......Page 187
  1 Introduction......Page 188
  2 Ecological Footprint......Page 189
   3.3 Types of Accommodation Services......Page 190
    3.3.1 Quality of OCRT Accommodation Services......Page 191
    3.3.3 OCRT Accommodation Services: Materials Used......Page 192
    3.3.5 OCRT – Accommodation Services – Occupancy Rate......Page 194
    3.3.6 OCRT Accommodation Services: Comparison Between NB and RB Bed Spaces in Terms of Energy Sources, Facilities and Open Air Spaces (2011)......Page 195
    4.1.1 OCRT – Accommodation Services – Embodied Energy......Page 196
    4.1.2 OCRT – Accommodation Services – Operating Energy......Page 198
    4.1.3 OCRT – Accommodation Services – Life Cycle Energy Use......Page 199
   4.2 The EF of OCRT – Accommodation Services (Second Scenario: Reducing Embodied Energy Through the Use of Refurbished Buildings)......Page 200
  References......Page 201
  1 Introduction......Page 203
  3 Chapter 2 – Weather Data......Page 204
  5 Chapter 4 – Daylight Harvesting......Page 205
  6 Chapter 5 – Glazing Properties......Page 207
  7 Chapter 6 – External and Internal Shading......Page 208
  8 Wall Insulation......Page 209
  9 Chapter 8 – Roof Insulation......Page 210
  10 Chapter 9 – Atrium Ventilation Strategy......Page 211
   11.2 Infiltration......Page 212
  13 Conclusion......Page 213
  References......Page 214
  1 Introduction......Page 215
   2.2 Chinese Colonial House......Page 216
   2.3 British Colonial Houses......Page 217
  3 Thermal Comfort and Malaysia Climate......Page 218
   4.1 Façade Optimization......Page 219
   4.2 Daylight Optimization......Page 220
   5.1 Roof Optimization......Page 221
   5.3 High Performance Double Glazing, Low Emissivity......Page 222
  6 Simulation Parameters......Page 223
  7 Summary......Page 225
  References......Page 229
  1 Introduction......Page 230
  2 Energy Efficiency......Page 231
   2.5 Air Tightness......Page 232
   2.8 Air Conditioning Water Side......Page 233
   2.9 Radiant Chilled Slab System......Page 234
  4 Water Efficiency......Page 235
   4.1 Water Efficient Fittings......Page 236
   4.2 Rainwater Harvesting......Page 237
   4.3 Grey Water Recycling......Page 238
  5 Daylight Harvesting......Page 239
  7 Transportation Energy......Page 240
  8 Solid Waste Reduction......Page 242
  9 Urban Farm and Permaculture......Page 243
  10 Conclusion......Page 244
  References......Page 245
Part IV: Plants and Low Carbon Emissions......Page 246
 Chapter 17: Plant Selection and Placement Criteria for Landscape Design......Page 247
   2.1 Rooftop Greenery Measurement......Page 248
  3 Results and Discussion......Page 250
   3.1 Landscape Planning Framework......Page 253
   3.2 Plant Selection via Functional Traits......Page 254
  4 Landscape Planning Framework Based on Plant Cooling Potential......Page 255
  5 Conclusion......Page 256
  References......Page 257
 Chapter 18: Low Energy Material, High Community Engagement: Ecology of Banana Tree Fibres in Disaster Relief Projects......Page 259
  1 Introduction......Page 260
   2.1 The Ribeira Valley......Page 261
   2.3 Banana Culture and Craftwork......Page 262
  3 The Ecology of Building Materials......Page 263
    3.1.2 Banana Tree Fibre Papermaking......Page 264
    3.1.3 Manufacturing the Boards......Page 266
   3.3 Raw Materials......Page 267
   3.4 Energy......Page 268
  4 Final Considerations......Page 269
  References......Page 270