Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 58: Phosphorus Use Efficiency for Sustainable Agriculture

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Permaculture Principles, Practices, and Environmentalism
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Permaculture Ethics and Design Principles
	1.3 Permaculture Practices Applied in Varying Spatial Scales
		1.3.1 Food Production in Harmony with Nature
		1.3.2 Low-Impact Housing
		1.3.3 Permaculture Implementation at the Community Level
		1.3.4 Permaculture Beyond a Geographically Confined Community
	1.4 Permaculture Environmentalism
	1.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2: Sources and Solubilization of Phosphatic Fertilizers
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Phosphorus Forms
	2.3 Phosphorus Shortage
	2.4  Solubilization of Rock Phosphate
	2.5 Availability of Phosphorus and Implications on Agriculture Systems
	2.6 Rock Phosphate as a Natural Fertilizer
	2.7 Processing Affect Phosphorus Availability for Plants
		2.7.1 Phosphate Mineralization
		2.7.2 Adsorption and Desorption
		2.7.3 Weathering, Precipitation, and Dissolution
	2.8 Factors Influence Availability of Phosphorus
	2.9 Biodiversity of Phosphate Dissolving Microorganisms
	2.10 Manufacture of P Fertilizers
		2.10.1 Nano Fertilizers
	2.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Organic Phosphorous as an Alternative to Mineral Phosphatic Fertilizers
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Global Inorganic Phosphorous Status and Challenges
	3.3 Phosphorus in the Soil Agriculture System
	3.4 Organic Phosphorus Fertilizer
	3.5 Testing Techniques of Organic Phosphorous
	3.6 Impact of Organic Phosphorous on Soil
	3.7 Impact of Organic Phosphorous on Crops
	3.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Adaptive Responses of Crop Species Against Phosphorus Deficiency
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Crops Adaptive Responses to Phosphorus Starvation
		4.2.1 Modifications of Root Architecture
		4.2.2 Root Associated-Microbial Modulation
		4.2.3 Gene Expression Induced by Phosphorus Starvation
	4.3 Mechanisms of Phosphorus Acquisition and Homeostasis
		4.3.1 Phosphorus Acquisition
		4.3.2 Phosphorus Translocation
		4.3.3 Phosphorus Re-Mobilization
	4.4 Plant Root Exudation Under Phosphorus Deficiency
	4.5 Microbial Symbiotic Associations
	4.6 Microbial Communities Mediated Phosphorus Dynamics
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Biochar for Sustainable Phosphorus Management in Agroecosystems
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Phosphorus Dynamics in Soils
	5.3 Biochar as a Soil Amendment
	5.4 Biochar and Soil Phosphorus Dynamics
		5.4.1 Biochar-Mediated Effects on the Soil Phosphorus Cycle
		5.4.2 Effects of Biochar and Phosphorus on Crop Productivity
		5.4.3 Effects of Biochar on Soil Phosphorus Dynamics
		5.4.4 Interactions of Biochar with Organic and Inorganic Phosphorus Fertilizers
	5.5 Biochar, Phosphorus Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Phenotyping for Assessing Genotypic Variation in Phosphorus Use Efficiency
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Shoots
	6.3 Roots
	6.4 Rhizosphere
	6.5 Different Sensors for Plant Phenotyping
		6.5.1 Multispectral Imaging Cameras
		6.5.2 Hyperspectral Imaging Cameras
		6.5.3 Thermal Infrared Imaging Cameras
	6.6 Application of Plant Phenotyping
		6.6.1 Yield Phenotyping
		6.6.2 Biomass Phenotyping
		6.6.3 Plant Height Phenotyping
		6.6.4 Leaf Area Index Phenotyping
		6.6.5 Chlorophyll Phenotyping
		6.6.6 Phenotyping of Other Traits
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Advanced Biotechnological Tools for Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Definition of Phosphorus Use Efficiency
	7.3 Important Traits for Enhancing Phosphorus Use Efficiency
	7.4 Physiological Traits Related to Phosphorus Use Efficiency
		7.4.1 Utilization of Phosphate Transporters for Breeding Phosphorous Efficient Plants
		7.4.2 Membrane Lipid Remodeling to Drive Phosphorous Remobilization
		7.4.3 Signaling Pathways
	7.5 Phenotyping
	7.6 Genetics and Breeding to Improve the Phosphorus Use Efficiency
		7.6.1 Mapping Populations
		7.6.2 Molecular Marker and Genetic Linkage Map
		7.6.3 Breeding of Phosphorous-Efficient Crop Varieties
	7.7 Genes Related to Phosphorus Use Efficiency
	7.8 Microbial Inoculants, Biofertilization and Phosphate Fertilizers
	7.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Phosphorus Acquisition for Sustainable Agriculture
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Soil Phosphorus and Acquisition by Plant Roots
		8.2.1 Microorganism in the Acquisition of Phosphorus
		8.2.2 Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Acquisition of Phosphorus
		8.2.3 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Effect on the Roots of Mycorrhizal Plants
		8.2.4 Uptake Mechanism of Soil Phosphorus by Mycelium
		8.2.5 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Modulate the Expression of Phosphorus Related Genes
	8.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Phosphorus Cycle Enzymes to Remedy Soil Phosphorus Deficiency
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Soil Enzymes
		9.2.1 Soil Enzymes and Enzyme Activity
		9.2.2 Nitrogen Cycle Enzymes
			9.2.2.1 Ureases
			9.2.2.2 Amidase
			9.2.2.3 L-Asparaginase
			9.2.2.4 L-Glutaminase
			9.2.2.5 Proteases
	9.3 Phosphorus Cycle Enzymes
		9.3.1 Phosphomonoesterases
			9.3.1.1 Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases
				Acid Phosphatase
				Alkaline Phosphatase
			9.3.1.2 Soil Phosphatase Activity
		9.3.2 Role of Fertilizer Phosphorus in Biological Nitrogen Fixation
	9.4 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
		9.4.1 The Nitrogen Fixation Process
		9.4.2 Significance of Biological Nitrogen Fixation to Soil Fertility
		9.4.3 Nitrogen-Fixing Organisms
		9.4.4 Factors Limiting Biological Nitrogen Fixation
			9.4.4.1 Physical Constraints
			9.4.4.2 Chemical Constraints
			9.4.4.3 Biological Constraints
	9.5 Nitrogen-Phosphorus Dynamics and Root Nodulation
		9.5.1 Root and Root Nodules
		9.5.2 Chlorophyll Content of Plant Leaf
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Phosphorus Nutrition Enhancement of Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Pastures
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Potentials of Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Pasture Swards
		10.2.1 Types of Biological Nitrogen Fixation
			10.2.1.1 Symbiotic Biological Nitrogen Fixation
		10.2.2 Non-symbiotic Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Pastures
	10.3 Optimization of Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Low-Input Agriculture
		10.3.1 Optimizing Biological Nitrogen Fixation via Intercropping and Crop Rotation Systems
	10.4 Optimizing Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Pastures via Ecofriendly Phosphorus Nutrition
		10.4.1 Inclusion of Phosphorus-Mobilizing Species in Pasture Swards
		10.4.2 Phosphorus Nutrition Through Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Associations for Improved Biological Nitrogen Fixation
	10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Index