Sustainability Challenges and Delivering Practical Engineering Solutions: Resources, Materials, Energy, and Buildings

About This Book
Introduction
Contents
About the Editors
1 Macrophytes Cultivation for Phytoremediation of Wastewater
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 Turbidity Test
		3.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Test
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
2 Comparative Review of Global and Malaysian Green Building Rating Systems: Literature Review
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Review Criteria
		3.1 Sustainability Rating System
		3.2 Criteria Based
		3.3 Carbon Emission Calculation
		3.4 Global Environmental Rating System
		3.5 Malaysian Environmental Rating System
		3.6 Comparative Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
3 Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Predicting Water Quality Parameters and Management in a Complex River System: A Review
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Sedimentation
		1.2 Ringlet River
		1.3 Optimized Intelligence Model Development
	2 Research Question (Problem Statement)
	3 Research Objectives
	4 Research Hypothesis
	5 Research the Importance and Justifications
	6 Comparative Analysis
	7 Conclusions and Discussion
	References
4 Effect of Concrete-Steel Interactions on the Performance of Emended Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor; Review
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Methodology
		2.1 The Geometry of RC Beam
		2.2 Test Setup
	3 Conclusions
	References
5 River Water Quality Prediction and Analysis–Deep Learning Predictive Models Approach
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
6 Engineering-Economic Evaluation of Al-Fashir 5 MWp Mini-Grid Connected Photovoltaic Power Plant
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Al-Fashir Power Station
	3 Operation of Al-Fashir PV Power Station
	4 The Economic Analysis
	5 Upgrading of Al-Fashir Power Generation
	6 Conclusion
	References
7 Landslide Susceptibility Mapping with Stacking Ensemble Machine Learning
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Area of Study and Data
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Data Treatment and Machine Learning Model Development
		3.2 Stacking Ensemble Machine Learning
	4 Results and Evaluation
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
8 Phosphorus Removal from Synthetic Wastewater by Using Palm Oil Clinker as Media in Continuous Activated Sludge
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Materials
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Experimental Results for Removal of Phosphorus PO4
		3.2 First-Order Kinetic Model for PO4
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
9 Multi-Step Ahead Time-Series Forecasting of Sediment Load Using NARX Neural Networks
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area and Data
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
10 River Water Suspended Sediment Predictive Analytics Using Artificial Neural Network and Convolutional Neural Network Approach: A Review
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Literature Review
		2.1 Overview of ANN
		2.2 Suspended Sediment Concentrations Prediction Using ANN
		2.3 Overview of CNN
		2.4 Suspended Sediment Concentrations Prediction Using CNN
		2.5 Performance Criteria
	3 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
11 Self-organizing Algorithm for Fairness in Joint Admission and Power Control for Cognitive Radio Cellular Network
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Power Control Algorithms for Cognitive Radio Cellular Network
	4 Simulation Model and Parameters
	5 Simulation Result and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
12 The Role of SWOT Analysis in Improving Operational Performance (Analytical Study in a Prefabricated Building Factory)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Settings or Methods or Materials
	3 Results
		3.1 Analyzing the Correlation Between a SWOT Analysis and Operational Performance
		3.2 Analyzing the Impact Relationships Between a SWOT Analysis and Operational Performance
	4 Conclusion
	5 Recommendations
	References
13 Developing Performance Dashboard for Operational KPIs of Water Distribution Network
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
14 Biological Nitrogen Removal of Monoethanolamine (MEA) from Petrochemical Wastewater Using an Activated Sludge Process
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Materials
		2.1 Flow of Work
		2.2 Setting up of Treatment System
		2.3 Experimental Methodology
			2.3.1 Train 1
			2.3.2 Train 2
		2.4 Sampling Monitoring and Testing Method
	3 Results
		3.1 Results of pH Throughout the Study Period
		3.2 Results of Alkalinity Balance for all Reactors Throughout the Study Based on Influent Ammonia
			3.2.1 Alkalinity Balance for Reactor A1T1
			3.2.2 Alkalinity Balance for Reactor A2T1
			3.2.3 Alkalinity Balance for Reactor A1T2
		3.3 Results of Nitrification Rate Throughout the Study Period
		3.4 Results of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) Removals in mg TKN removed/mg MLVSS.day for all Reactors Throughout the Study
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Discussion of pH Value Throughout the Study Period
		4.2 Discussion of Alkalinity Balance for all Reactors Throughout the Study Period
			4.2.1 Discussion of Alkalinity Balance for Reactor A1T1
			4.2.2 Discussion of Alkalinity Balance for Reactor A2T1
			4.2.3 Discussion of Alkalinity Balance for Reactor A1T2
		4.3 Discussion of Nitrification Rate Throughout the Study Period
		4.4 Discussion of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) Removals in mg TKN removed/mg MLVSS.day for all Reactors Throughout the Study
	5 Conclusions
	References
15 Application of Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process for Revising OIU Main-Campus Masterplan to Ensure Sustainable Environment
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 About Omdurman Islamic University
		1.2 Justification
	2 Methods
		2.1 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
		2.2 The Design Alternatives
		2.3 Establishing Criteria and Factors (Sub-criteria)
	3 Results
		3.1 Weights of the Criteria
		3.2 Weights of the Sub Criteria
		3.3 Alternatives Scores
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
16 Literature Review on the Removal Methods of Monoethanolamine (MEA) in the Removal of Contaminants in Wastewater
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Objectives
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Removal of MEA via Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP’s)
		2.2 Removal of MEA via Adsorption
		2.3 Removal of MEA via Membrane Technologies
		2.4 Removal of MEA via Biological Treatment Systems
		2.5 Toxicity of MEA on Bacteria and Microorganisms
		2.6 Corrosivity of MEA with Various Presence of Inhibitor
	3 Summary of the Papers
	References
17 Biological Organic Removals of Monoethanolamine (MEA) in an Activated Sludge System
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Project Background
		1.2 Problem Statement
		1.3 Objectives
		1.4 Scope of Work
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Flowchart of Project
		2.2 Setting up of Reactors
		2.3 Experimental Methodology: Train 1 & Train 2
		2.4 Sampling Plan and Testing Methods
		2.5 Wastewater Sampling Parameters Test Procedures
			2.5.1 Test Procedures for the Measurement of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
			2.5.2 Test Procedures for the Measurement of Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids (MLVSS) and Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS)
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Influent COD Removals Throughout the Study
		3.2 Effluent COD Removals Throughout the Study
		3.3 MLSS-MLVSS Concentrations and Ratios in All Reactors Throughout the Study
		3.4 COD Removals in mg COD Removed/mg MLVSS.day in All Reactors Throughout the Study
		3.5 Sludge Volume Index (SVI) Versus Sampling Days Throughout the Study
		3.6 Sludge Age (Θ) Versus Sampling Days Throughout the Study
		3.7 Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate (SOUR) Versus Sampling Days Throughout the Study
	4 Summary of the Study
	5 Conclusion
	References
18 Analysis of Garment Manufacturing Process: A Case Study (SUR Military and Civil Clothing Factory)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Study (SUR Military and Civil Clothing Factory)
		2.1 Critical Path Method CPM to General Process
		2.2 Manufacturing Process in SUR Military and Civil Clothing Factory
			2.2.1 Inspection
			2.2.2 Fabric Spreading
			2.2.3 Cutting
			2.2.4 Numbering
			2.2.5 Sewing
			2.2.6 Finishing
	3 Time Study for Sewing Process
	4 Results
		4.1 Cycle Time
		4.2 Ideal Manpower
		4.3 Standard Minutes Value (SMV) and Standard Allowed Minutes (SAM)
		4.4 Production Capacity
			4.4.1 Machine Hour Capacity
			4.4.2 Line Efficiency
	5 The Cost
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
19 2D Finite Element Simulation of Steady-State Groundwater Flow Using MATLAB
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 Case One: Two-Dimensional Porous Medium
		3.2 Case Two: Two-Dimensional Fluid Flow Problem
		3.3 Case Three: Body with Two-Dimensional Exposure to a Heat Source
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
20 Integration Evaluation of the Universal Integrated Wi-Fi Controller from Buildings to Agricultural Applications
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Design and Implementation of the Proposed Universal Wi-Fi Controller
		2.1 General System Architecture
		2.2 Design Specifications and Parameters
		2.3 Implementation
	3 Integration Evaluation with Smart Building Applications
		3.1 Integration with Smart Home Applications
		3.2 Integration with Access Control Applications
	4 Integration Evaluation with Smart Farms and Green House Applications
	5 Performance Evaluation
		5.1 Direct Digital Input to Digital Output Response Time
		5.2 Distance for the Wi-Fi Channel
		5.3 Throughput and Time Delay of the Wi-Fi Channel
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusions
	References
21 Adobe Construction in Nineteenth-Century Citadels in Morocco: Mechanical and Soil Characteristics
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Methodology
		2.1 Raw Earth Characterization
		2.2 Mechanical Test Plan and Samples
		2.3 Reusability
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Raw Earth Characteristics
		3.2 Mechanical Characteristics
	4 Conclusion
	References
22 Adsorption of Abattoir Wastewater Contaminants by Coconut Shell-Activated Carbon
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
23 Vehicular Network Spectrum Allocation Using Hybrid NOMA and Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Vehicular Network Spectrum Allocation
		3.1 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) Communication
		3.2 Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning
		3.3 NOMA Communications-Based DDPG Framework
	4 System Model and Parameters
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
24 Social Internet of Things (SIoT) Localization for Smart Cities Traffic Applications
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Localization Methods on the Social Internet of Things
	3 Localization Applications on the Social Internet of Things
		3.1 Vehicular Social Network (VSN)
		3.2 Mobile Social Network MSN
		3.3 Natural Language Processing in Social Media
		3.4 Vehicles Traffic Analysis
	4 Localization Problem in SIoT Infrastructure
	5 Conclusion
	References
25 An Evaluation of the Factors Affection the Potential for Biomass Upgrading for Energy Use in Malaysia
	Abstract
	1 Literature Review
	2 AD Treatment and Upgrading Technologies Availability
	3 Feedstock Suitability
	4 Polices
	References
26 Multilevel Authentication in Smart Online Classroom Attendance
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Prototype Design
	3 Software Flow Diagram
	4 Results for Face Recognition
	5 Discussions
	References
27 The Effect of Groundnut Shell Ash and Metakaolin on Geotechnical Properties of Black Cotton Soils
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
			2.1.1 Soil
			2.1.2 Groundnut Shell Ash
			2.1.3 Metakaolin
		2.2 Methods
			2.2.1 Atterberg Limits Test
			2.2.2 Soil Compaction Test
			2.2.3 Strength
			2.2.4 Durability
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Index Properties
		3.2 Atterberg Limit
			3.2.1 Liquid Limit
			3.2.2 Plastic Limit
			3.2.3 Plasticity Index
			3.2.4 Linear Shrinkage
		3.3 Compaction Parameters
			3.3.1 Maximum Dry Density
			3.3.2 Optimum Moisture Content
			3.3.3 California Bearing Ratio
			3.3.4 Unconfined Compressive Strength
			3.3.5 Durability
	4 Conclusions
	References
28 Stabilization of Lateritic Soil with Scrap Tyre Crumb Rubber
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
			2.1.1 Lateritic Soil
			2.1.2 Scrap Tyre Crumb Rubber
		2.2 Methods
			2.2.1 Compaction
			2.2.2 Durability
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Characterization of Materials
		3.2 Compaction characteristics
		3.3 Durability
	4 Conclusions
	References
29 Reducing Energy Consumption in Lighting Systems Using Smart and IoT-Based Control Method
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Smart Lighting Control System
		2.1 Simulation Setup
	3 Results
		3.1 Motion-Controlled Light
		3.2 Photo-Controlled Light
		3.3 Sound-Controlled Light
		3.4 Remote Monitoring
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
30 Zero-Touch Entrance System and Air Quality Monitoring in Smart Campus Design Based on Internet of Things (IoT)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Smart Entrance and Adequately Ventilated Indoor Space
	3 Results
		3.1 Entrance System
		3.2 Air Quality Monitoring
		3.3 Remote Monitoring
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References