Surviving the War in Syria: Survival Strategies in a Time of Conflict

Half title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Acknowledgments
Half title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Acknowledgments
Half title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Acknowledgments
Half title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Acknowledgments
Half title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Acknowledgments
Half title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Acknowledgments
Half title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Acknowledgments
Introduction: How Civilians Protect Themselves
	Civilian Responses to Perceived Physical  Threat during Conflict
	Selecting Survival Strategies
	Evidence from Interviews with Syrian Refugees
	Theoretical Contributions
	Policy Contributions
	Outline of the Book
1. A Theory of Civilian Survival Strategies
	Armed Group Violence during Civil War
	Armed Group Violence in Syria
	How the Syrian Civil War Makes Survival Dangerous
	Threat Perceptions, Violent Experiences, and Social Proximity to Perpetrators of Violence
	Current Understandings of How Violent Experiences Trigger PTSD and PTG
	Measuring PTSD and PTG
	Measurement Challenges and Ways to Improve
	How PTG and PTSD Influence the Selection of Specific Survival Strategies
	How Dynamic Social Network.s in Conflict Zones Facilitate PTSD and Narrative Ruptures
	Resource Endowments and Migration Decisions
	How Resource Endowments Provide Opportunity to Secure Protection
	Combining Motivation and Opportunity
2. Interviewing Syrian Refugees
	Syrian Violence Patterns
		Temporal Variation in Violence
		North-South Divide
		East-West Divide
	Syrian Migration Patterns
	Connecting Syrian Violence and Migration Patterns to Refugee. Characteristics in Jordan and Turkey
	Selecting Turkey as the Primary Country for Fieldwork
	Selecting Field Sites within Turkey and Jordan
	Conducting the Interviews
	Who I Missed
	Descriptive Statistics
	Mixed Methods Analysis
3. Who Has Violent Experiences? The Reinforcing Misfortunes of Dangerous Locations and Dangerous Connections
	How Dangerous Connections Endanger People
	Reinforcing Misfortunes of Dangerous Locations and Dangerous Connections
	Social Drivers of Witnessing Violence and Receiving Violence
4. How Psychological Transformations Change Conflict Understandings: Narrative Evolution vs. Narrative Rupture
	Using Narratives to Understand and Respond to Threats
	Syrian Government and Opposition Narratives
	Narrative Ruptures
	Implications for the Debate Over Safe Return vs. Voluntary Return
5. How Wasta Provides Opportunity to Act Safely
	Why Self-Perceived Wasta is a Good Indicator  of Objective Wasta
	Wasta in Syria and How It Has Changed Over Time
		Wasta Shifting Away from Direct Personal Connections
		Wasta Shifting Away from the Government
	Advantaged Socioeconomic Status in  Other Contexts
	How Changes in Wasta Reflect the Wartime  Political Order
6. Why and How People Share Information during Conflict
	How Community Support Creates Perceived Threats for Armed Groups
	Why Community Support is Dangerous for Civilians
	PTG for Motivation
	Wasta for Opportunity to Support  Community Members
	The Selection of Conversation Partners
	Code Words
7. Choosing When to Migrate
	Variation in Migration Timing
	How PTG Delays Migration Motivation
		Syrian Survival Strategies
		Narrative Ruptures and Motivation to Migrate
	Wasta for Opportunity to Migrate
		How Armed Groups May Obstruct or Facilitate Migration
		Wasta Protects from the Selective Violence along Migration Routes
	Duration Analysis of Migration Timing
	How Migration and Community Support Combine
8. Conclusion
	Summarizing the Argument
	Lessons for Civilian Protection
		Facilitating the Spread of Accurate Information
		Helping People Inside Their Country of Origin Too
		Matching Humanitarian Aid to the Needs of the Population
	Extending to Other Cases
	Extending to Other Survival Strategies
	Extending from Violent to Environmental Threat
		Environmental Threat
		Resilience to Violent and Environmental Threats
		Violent and Environmental Threat Intertwine
		An Overarching Framework
Appendix
	Additional Information on Variable Operationalization
	Alternative Model Specifications for Chapter 7
Bibliography
Index