Surveying with Construction Applications, 7th Edition

Cover\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 1
Title Page\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 2
Copyright\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 3
Contents......Page 6
PART I: SURVEYING PRINCIPLES......Page 16
1.1 Surveying Defined......Page 17
1.4 Preliminary Surveys......Page 19
1.5 Surveying Instruments......Page 20
1.6 Construction Surveys......Page 21
1.7 Distance Measurement......Page 22
1.9 Position Measurement......Page 24
1.11 Stationing......Page 26
1.13 Random and Systematic Errors......Page 28
1.14 Accuracy and Precision......Page 29
1.16 Field Notes......Page 30
Review Questions......Page 32
2.1 General Background......Page 33
2.2 Theory of Differential Leveling......Page 34
2.3 Curvature and Refraction......Page 35
2.4 Types of Surveying Levels......Page 40
2.5 Leveling Rods......Page 46
2.6 Definitions for Differential Leveling......Page 49
2.7 Techniques of Leveling......Page 50
2.8 Benchmark Leveling (Vertical Control Surveys)......Page 54
2.9 Profile and Cross-Section Leveling......Page 56
2.10 Reciprocal Leveling......Page 61
2.11 Peg Test......Page 62
2.12 Three-Wire Leveling......Page 64
2.13 Trigonometric Leveling......Page 65
2.14 Level Loop Adjustments......Page 66
2.15 Suggestions for Rod Work......Page 67
2.16 Suggestions for Instrument Work......Page 68
2.17 Mistakes in Leveling......Page 69
Problems......Page 70
3.1 Methods of Linear Measurement......Page 76
3.3 Tapes......Page 78
3.4 Steel Tapes......Page 79
3.5 Taping Accessories and Their Use......Page 82
3.6 Taping Techniques......Page 86
3.7 Taping Corrections......Page 89
3.8 Systematic Taping Errors and Corrections......Page 90
3.9 Random Taping Errors......Page 94
3.10 Techniques for “Ordinary” Taping Precision......Page 95
3.11 Mistakes in Taping......Page 96
3.12 Field Notes for Taping......Page 97
3.14 Electronic Angle Measurement......Page 99
3.15 Principles of EDM......Page 101
3.16 EDM Characteristics......Page 103
3.17 Prisms......Page 104
3.18 EDM Instrument Accuracies......Page 105
3.19 EDM Without Reflecting Prisms......Page 106
Problems......Page 108
4.3 Meridians......Page 111
4.4 Horizontal Angles......Page 113
4.5 Theodolites......Page 114
4.6 Electronic Theodolites......Page 115
4.7 Total Station......Page 118
4.8 Theodolite/Total Station Setup......Page 119
4.10 Adjustment of the Theodolite and Total Station......Page 120
4.11 Laying Off Angles......Page 126
4.13 Bucking-in (Interlining)......Page 127
4.14 Intersection of Two Straight Lines......Page 128
4.15 Prolonging a Measured Line by Triangulation over an Obstacle......Page 129
4.16 Prolonging a Line Past an Obstacle......Page 131
Review Questions......Page 132
5.2 Total Station Capabilities......Page 133
5.3 Total Station Field Techniques......Page 139
5.4 Field Procedures for Total Stations in Topographic Surveys......Page 147
5.5 Field-Generated Graphics......Page 153
5.6 Construction Layout Using Total Stations......Page 155
5.7 Motorized Total Stations......Page 160
5.8 Summary of Modern Total Station Characteristics and Capabilities......Page 167
5.9 Instruments Combining Total Station Capabilities and GPS Receiver Capabilities......Page 168
5.10 Portable/Handheld Total Stations......Page 169
Review Questions......Page 171
6.1 General Background......Page 172
6.2 Balancing Field Angles......Page 175
6.3 Meridians......Page 176
6.4 Bearings......Page 177
6.5 Azimuths......Page 180
6.6 Latitudes and Departures......Page 184
6.7 Traverse Precision and Accuracy......Page 190
6.8 Compass Rule Adjustment......Page 192
6.9 Effects of Traverse Adjustments on Measured Angles and Distances......Page 193
6.10 Omitted Measurement Computations......Page 194
6.11 Rectangular Coordinates of Traverse Stations......Page 196
6.12 Area of a Closed Traverse by the Coordinate Method......Page 199
Review Questions......Page 201
Problems......Page 202
7.1 General Background......Page 205
7.2 U.S. Global Positioning System......Page 209
7.3 Receivers......Page 211
7.4 Satellite Constellations......Page 213
7.5 GPS Satellite Signals......Page 215
7.6 GPS Position Measurements......Page 217
7.7 Errors......Page 225
7.8 Continuously Operating Reference Stations......Page 226
7.10 Survey Planning......Page 228
7.11 GPS Field Procedures......Page 233
7.12 GPS Applications......Page 239
7.13 Vertical Positioning......Page 246
7.15 GPS Glossary......Page 250
7.16 Recommended Readings......Page 253
Review Questions......Page 254
8.2 Branches of Geomatics......Page 255
8.3 Data Collection Branch......Page 257
8.4 Design and Plotting......Page 263
8.5 Contours......Page 273
8.6 Aerial Photography......Page 280
8.7 Airborne and Satellite Imagery......Page 291
8.8 Remote-Sensing Satellites......Page 302
8.9 Geographic Information System......Page 304
8.10 Database Management......Page 309
8.11 Metadata......Page 310
8.12 Spatial Entities or Features......Page 311
8.14 Spatial Data Models......Page 313
8.15 GIS Data Structures......Page 315
8.16 Topology......Page 318
8.17 Remote Sensing Internet Websites and Further Reading......Page 319
Review Questions......Page 321
Problems......Page 322
9.1 General Background......Page 326
9.2 Plane Coordinate Grids......Page 335
9.3 Lambert Projection Grid......Page 341
9.4 Transverse Mercator Grid......Page 342
9.5 UTM Grid......Page 344
9.6 Use of Grid Coordinates......Page 351
9.7 Illustrative Examples......Page 359
9.8 Horizontal Control Techniques......Page 366
9.9 Project Control......Page 368
Review Questions......Page 376
Problems......Page 378
II.2 General Background......Page 380
II.3 Grade......Page 382
10.1 General Background......Page 383
10.2 Motorized Total Station Guidance and Control......Page 386
10.3 Satellite Positioning Guidance and Control......Page 388
10.4 Three-Dimensional Data Files......Page 390
10.5 Summary of the 3D Design Process......Page 392
Review Questions......Page 394
11.1 Route Surveys......Page 395
11.2 Circular Curves: General Background......Page 396
11.3 Circular Curve Geometry......Page 397
11.4 Circular Curve Deflections......Page 403
11.5 Chord Calculations......Page 405
11.7 Field Procedure (Steel Tape and Theodolite)......Page 406
11.8 Moving up on the Curve......Page 407
11.9 Offset Curves......Page 408
11.10 Compound Circular Curves......Page 416
11.11 Reverse Curves......Page 417
11.12 Vertical Curves: General Background......Page 418
11.13 Geometric Properties of the Parabola......Page 420
11.15 Computing a Vertical Curve......Page 421
11.16 Design Considerations......Page 424
11.17 Spiral Curves: General Background......Page 426
11.18 Spiral Curve Computations......Page 428
11.19 Spiral Layout Procedure Summary......Page 436
11.20 Approximate Solution for Spiral Problems......Page 443
11.21 Superelevation: General Background......Page 444
11.22 Superelevation Design......Page 445
Review Questions......Page 451
Problems......Page 452
12.1 Preliminary (Preengineering) Surveys......Page 457
12.2 Highway Design......Page 461
12.3 Highway Construction Layout......Page 463
12.4 Clearing, Grubbing, and Stripping Topsoil......Page 467
12.5 Placement of Slope Stakes......Page 468
12.6 Layout for Line and Grade......Page 472
12.7 Grade Transfer......Page 475
12.8 Ditch Construction......Page 477
Review Questions......Page 478
13.1 General Background......Page 479
13.2 Classification of Roads and Streets......Page 480
13.5 Plan and Profile......Page 481
13.6 Establishing Centerline (omitted)......Page 484
13.7 Establishing Offset Lines and Construction Control......Page 486
13.8 Construction Grades for a Curbed Street......Page 489
13.9 Street Intersections......Page 493
13.10 Sidewalk Construction......Page 495
13.11 Site Grading......Page 496
Problems......Page 498
14.1 Pipeline Construction......Page 504
14.2 Sewer Construction......Page 506
14.3 Layout for Line and Grade......Page 508
14.4 Catch-Basin Construction Layout......Page 517
14.5 Tunnel Construction Layout......Page 518
Problems......Page 523
15.2 Culvert Reconstruction......Page 529
15.3 Bridge Construction: General Background......Page 532
15.4 Contract Drawings......Page 536
15.6 Offset Distance Computations......Page 541
15.7 Dimension Verification......Page 542
15.8 Vertical Control......Page 544
15.9 Cross Sections for Footing Excavations......Page 545
Review Questions......Page 546
16.2 Single-Story Construction......Page 547
16.3 Multistory Construction......Page 559
Review Questions......Page 566
17.1 Construction Quantity Measurements: General Background......Page 567
17.2 Area Computations......Page 568
17.3 Area by Graphical Analysis......Page 575
17.4 Construction Volumes......Page 581
17.5 Cross Sections, End Areas, and Volumes......Page 583
17.6 Prismoidal Formula......Page 588
17.8 Final (As-Built) Surveys......Page 589
Problems......Page 591
A.1 Trigonometric Definitions and Identities......Page 594
A.2 Coordinate Geometry......Page 598
Appendix B: Surveying and Mapping Websites......Page 607
A......Page 609
C......Page 610
D......Page 611
F......Page 612
G......Page 613
I......Page 614
M......Page 615
P......Page 616
S......Page 617
U......Page 618
Z......Page 619
D.1 Field Notes......Page 620
D.2 Project 1: Building Measurements......Page 621
D.3 Project 2: Experiment to Determine “Normal Tension”......Page 623
D.4 Project 3: Field Traverse Measurements with a Steel Tape......Page 624
D.5 Project 4: Differential Leveling......Page 625
D.6 Project 5: Traverse Angle Measurements and Closure Computations......Page 627
D.7 Project 6: Topographic Survey......Page 628
D.8 Project 7: Building Layout......Page 635
D.9 Project 8: Horizontal Curve......Page 636
D.10 Project 9: Pipeline Layout......Page 637
Appendix E: Answers to Selected Problems......Page 639
F.1 Erroneous Tape-Length correction......Page 645
F.2 Temperature Corrections......Page 646
F.3 Tension and Sag Corrections......Page 648
Problems......Page 651
G.1 Evolution of Surveying......Page 652
G.2 Dumpy Level......Page 658
G.3 The Engineers’ Vernier Transit......Page 660
G.4 Optical Theodolite......Page 668
G.5 Stadia......Page 674
Problems......Page 686
Appendix H: Illustrations of Machine Control and of Various Data-Capture Techniques......Page 688
A......Page 690
C......Page 691
D......Page 692
F......Page 693
H......Page 694
L......Page 695
P......Page 696
S......Page 697
T......Page 698
Z......Page 700