Surveying Volume 2

Title
Contents
1 Trigonometric Levelling
	Introduction
	1.1 Correction for Curvature and Refraction
	1.2 Axis Signal Correction
	1.3 Difference of Elevation of Two Stations by Single Observation
	1.4 Difference of Elevation of Two Stations by Reciprocal Observations
	1.5 Determination of Coefficient of Refraction
	Summary
	Exercises
	Objective-type Questions
	Answers to Objective-type Questions
2 Triangulation
	Introduction
	2.1 Triangulation Figures or Systems
	2.2 System of Framework
	2.3 Classification
	2.4 Station Marks, Signals and Towers
	2.5 Reconnaissance
	2.6 Base Line Measurement
	2.7 Base Measurement by Rigid Bars
	2.8 Base Measurement by Flexible Apparatus
	2.9 Tape Corrections
	2.10 Radar Ranging
	2.11 Problems in Base Measurement
	2.12 Measurement of Angles
	2.13 Satellite Station and Reduction to Centre
	2.14 Field Checks in Triangulation
	2.15 Trilateration
	2.16 Flare Triangulation
	2.17 Floating Triangulation
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answers to Objective-type Questions
3 Theory of Errors and Triangulation Adjustment
	Introduction
	3.1 Definitions
	3.2 Laws of Weight
	3.3 Laws of Accidental Errors
	3.4 Principle of Least Squares
	3.5 Distribution of Error to the Field Measurement
	3.6 Normal Equations
	3.7 Method of Correlates
	3.8 Triangulation Adjustment
	3.9 Angle Adjustment
	3.10 Station Adjustment
	3.11 Figure Adjustment
	3.12 Adjustment of a Triangle
	3.13 Spherical Excess
	3.14 Adjustment of a Geodetic Quadrilateral
	3.15 Adjustment of Quadrilateral with Central Station
	3.16 Method of Equal Shifts
	3.17 Method of Least Squares by Matrices
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answers to Objective-type Questions
4 Hydrography
	Introduction
	4.1 Tides
	4.2 Mean Sea Level as a Datum Plane
	4.3 Tide Gauges
	4.4 Soundings
	4.5 Sounding Equipment
	4.6 Locating Sounding
	4.7 Reduction of Soundings
	4.8 Plotting the Soundings
	4.9 Stream Measurements
	Summary
	Exercises
	Objective-type Questions
	Answers to Objective-type Questions
5 Aerial Survey
	Introduction
	5.1 Terrestrial Stereophotography
	5.2 Aerial Photograph
	5.3 Definitions
	5.4 Scale of Vertical Photograph
	5.5 Scale of Tilted Photograph
	5.6 Displacements and Errors in Aerial Photogrammetry
	5.7 Procedure of Aerial Survey
	5.8 Ground Control
	5.9 Flight Planning
	5.10 Photo-Interpretation
	5.11 Basic Photo-Interpretation Equipment
	5.12 Parallax
	5.13 Measurement of Parallax
	5.14 Working up Data from the Photographs
	5.15 Plotting the Details
	5.16 Rectification
	5.17 Fiducial Marks
	5.18 Photogrammetric Products
	5.19 Comparison of Products of Aerial Photography
	5.20 Errors
	5.21 Mistakes
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answers to Objective-type Questions
6 Remote Sensing
	Introduction
	6.1 Remote Sensing Process
	6.2 Electromagnetic Energy
	6.3 Electromagnetic Spectrum
	6.4 Interaction of Electromagnetic Energy with Matter
	6.5 Effect of Atmosphere on Electromagnetic Radiation
	6.6 Energy Interaction with Earth Surface Features
	6.7 Remote-Sensing Sensor Systems
	6.8 Platforms
	6.9 Ideal and Real Remote-Sensing Systems
	6.10 Data Acquisition and Interpretation
	6.11 Resolution Concept in Remote Sensing
	6.12 Applications of Remote Sensing
	6.13 Land Use/Land Cover Analysis
	6.14 Methodology for Land Use/Land Cover Mapping
	6.15 Remote Sensing in India
	6.16 Satellite Data Products
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answers to Objective-type Questions
7 Digital Image Processing and Analysis
	Introduction
	7.1 Image Rectification and Restoration
	7.2 Image Enhancement
	7.3 Contrast Enhancement
	7.4 Filtering
	7.5 Image Transformation
	7.6 Image Classification
	7.7 Selective Dip Software
	Solved Examples
	Summary
	Exercises
	Objective-type Questions
	Answers to Objective-type Questions
8 Geographic Information System (GIS)
	Introduction
	8.1 Subsystems of GIS
	8.2 Hardware of GIS
	8.3 Data for GIS
	8.4 Representation of Features
	8.5 Data Structure for GIS
	8.6 Vector Data Structure
	8.7 Raster Data Structure
	8.8 Vector vs Raster Data Structures
	8.9 Data Format Conversions
	8.10 Capabilities/Functionalities of GIS
	8.11 Neighbourhood Functions
	8.12 Map Overlay Analysis
	8.13 Data Quality
	8.14 Sources of Errors in GIS
	8.15 Applications of GIS
	8.16 Selective GIS Softwares
	8.17 Remote Sensing and GIS
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answers to Objective-type Questions
9 Global Positioning System (GPS)
	Introduction
	9.1 Glonass System
	9.2 Galileo System
	9.3 GPS Overview
	9.4 Space Segment (Satellite Constellation)
	9.5 Operational Control Segment (OCS)
	9.6 User Equipment Segment
	9.7 Principle of Position Determination via Satellite Generated Ranging Signals
	9.8 Determining Satellite-to-User Range
	9.9 Calculation of User Position
	9.10 GPS System Time
	9.11 Carrier Phase Measurement Technique
	9.12 GPS Error Sources
	9.13 Differential GPS
	9.14 GPS Surveying Techniques
	9.15 Indian Coordinate System for Using GPS
	9.16 Uses and Applications of GPS
	9.17 GPS Accuracy
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answers to Objective-type Questions
10 Field Astronomy
	Introduction
	10.1 The Earth
	10.2 Celestial Sphere
	10.3 Solar System
	10.4 Definitions
	10.5 Position of a Celestial Body
	10.6 Relationship between Coordinates
	10.7 Spherical Trigonometry and Spherical Triangle
	10.8 Astronomical Triangle
	10.9 Napier’s Rules of Circular Parts
	10.10 Time
	10.11 Conversion of Time
	10.12 Astronomical Corrections
	10.13 Determination of Time
	10.14 Determination of True Meridian
	10.15 Determination of Azimuth
	10.16 Determination of Latitude
	10.17 Determination of Longitude
	10.18 Nautical Sextant
	10.19 Theodolite Attachments
	10.20 Zenith Telescope
	Summary
		Exercises
			Objective-type Questions
			Answers to Objective-type Questions
I. Conversion Tables
II. Digital Terrain Model
III. Physical Laws Governing EMR
IV. Topology
V. Pseudo-random Codes
VI. Orbits of Planets
VII. Physical Characteristics of the Sun, Moon and the Planets
VIII. Physical Characteristics of the Satellites of the Planets
IX. Astronomical Constants