Surveying Volume 1

Title
Contents
1 Fundamental Concepts
	Introduction
	1.1 Definitions
		1.2 Surveying
			1.3 Classification of Survey
			1.4 Practice of Surveying
			1.5 Surveying—Character of Work
			1.6 Field Work
			1.7 Office Work
			1.8 Errors
			1.9 Distinction Between Mistake and Error
		1.10 Distinction between Precision and Accuracy
		1.11 Principles of Surveying
		1.12 Units of Measure
			Summary
			Exercises
			Objective-type Questions
			Answer to Objective-type Questions
2 Horizontal Measurements
	Introduction
	2.1 Chain Surveying
	2.2 Chain
	2.3 Tape
	2.4 Accessories for Chaining
	2.5 Line Ranger
	2.6 Cross-Staff
	2.7 Optical Square
	2.8 Prism Square
	2.9 Running Survey Lines
	2.10 Linear Measurement with Chain
	2.11 Errors in Chaining
	2.12 Errors in Measurement with Incorrect Chain Length
	2.13 Linear Measurements with Tape
	2.14 Tape Corrections
	2.15 Offsets
	2.16 Field Book
	2.17 Obstacles to Chaining
	2.18 Electromagnetic Distance Measurement (EDM)
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answer to Objective-type Questions
3 Compass Surverying
	Introduction
	3.1 Definitions
	3.2 Types of Compass
	3.3 Temporary Adjustments of Compass
	3.4 Designation of Bearings
	3.5 Reduced Bearing
	3.6 Fore Bearing and Back Bearing
	3.7 Calculation of Included Angles from Bearings
	3.8 Calculation of Bearings from Included Angles
	3.9 Magnetic Declination
	3.10 Dip
	3.11 Local Attraction
	3.12 Determining True Meridian
	3.13 Chain Surveying Versus Compass Surveying
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answer to Objective-type Questions
4 Theodolite
	Introduction
	4.1 Classification
	4.2 Construction Details
	4.3 Taking out Theodolite From the Box
	4.4 Placing Theodolite in the Box
	4.5 Reading a Theodolite
	4.6 Definitions
	4.7 Changing Face
	4.8 Temporary Adjustments
	4.9 Permanent Adjustments
	4.10 Plate Level Test
	4.11 Cross-Hair Ring Test
	4.12 Collimation in Azimuth Test
	4.13 Spire Test
	4.14 Vertical Circle Index Test
	4.15 Vertical Arc Test
	4.16 Measurement of Horizontal Angle
	4.17 Measurement of Vertical Angle
	4.18 Measurement of Direct Angle
	4.19 Measurement of Deflection Angle
	4.20 Measurement of Magnetic Bearing
	4.21 Prolonging a Straight Line
	4.22 Theodolite as a Level
	4.23 Care of Theodolite
	4.24 Errors
	4.25 Micrometer Microscope
	4.26 Optical Theodolite
	4.27 Electronic Theodolite
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answer to Objective-type Questions
5 Traversing
	Introduction
	5.1 Methods of Traversing
	5.2 Plotting Traverse Survey
	5.3 Checks
	5.4 Closing Error
	5.5 Balancing a Traverse
	5.6 Distribution of Angular Error
	5.7 Adjustment of Bearings
	5.8 Computation of Area of a Closed Traverse by Coordinates
	5.9 Omitted Measurements
	Summary
	Exercises
	Objective-type Questions
	Answer to Objective-type Questions
6 Measurement of Vertical Distances
	Introduction
	6.1 Definitions
	6.2 Level
	6.3 Types of Level
	6.4 Levelling Staff
	6.5 Temporary Adjustments
	6.6 Permanent Adjustments
	6.7 Principle of Levelling
	6.8 Balancing Backsight and Foresight Distances
	6.9 Optimum Distance from Level to Staff
	6.10 Field Procedure in Levelling
	6.11 Use of Inverted Staff
	6.12 Spot Levels
	6.13 Curvature and Refraction
	6.14 Checks in Levelling
	6.15 Levelling for Grading a Plot of Land
	6.16 Levelling a Borrow Pit
	6.17 Longitudinal or Profile Levelling
	6.18 Cross sectioning
	6.19 Reciprocal Levelling
	6.20 Precise Levelling
	6.21 Fly Levelling
	6.22 Check Levelling
	6.23 Trigonometric Levelling
	6.24 Barometric Levelling
	6.25 Hypsometry
	6.26 Levelling Difficulties
	6.27 Errors in Levelling
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answer to Objective-type Questions
7 Tacheometry
	Introduction
	7.1 Instruments Used
	7.2 Methods of Tacheometry
	7.3 Fixed Hair Method
	7.4 Anallactic Lens
	7.5 Movable Hair Method or Subtense Method
	7.6 Tangential Method
	7.7 Range Finding
	7.8 Special Instruments
	7.9 Omnimeter
	7.10 Sources of Error
	7.11 Mistakes
	7.12 Accuracy
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answer to Objective-type Questions
8 Plane Table Surverying
	Introduction
	8.1 Description of Plane Table
	8.2 Temporary Adjustments
	8.3 Setting up the Plane Table
	8.4 Methods of Plane Table Surveying
	8.5 Radiation
	8.6 Traversing
	8.7 Intersection
	8.8 Resection
	8.9 Resection After Orientation by Back Ray
	8.10 Resection After Orientation by Two Points
	8.11 Resection after Orientation by Three Points
	8.12 Suitability of Resection
	8.13 Strength of Fix
	8.14 Plane Table Traversing Versus Theodolite Traversing
	8.15 Plane Table Survey Versus Chain Survey
	8.16 Sources of Error
	8.17 Error Due to Inaccurate Centring
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answer to Objective-type Questions
9 Contouring
	Introduction
	9.1 Definitions
	9.2 Ghat Tracer
	9.3 Typical Land Features and Their contour Forms
	9.4 Characteristics of Contour Lines
	9.5 Methods of Contouring
	9.6 Interpolation of Contours
	9.7 Determination of Height of a Point and Slope of a Line
	9.8 Determination of the Rate of Slope
	9.9 Plotting a Line of a Specified Gradient on a Map or Plan
	9.10 Drawing Section from a Contour Map
	9.11 Applications
	9.12 Modern Methods of Depicting Relief on a Map
	9.13 Accuracy
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answer to Objective-type Questions
10 Total-Staion Survey
	Introduction
	10.1 Features of Total-Station
	10.2 Setting Up and Orienting a Total Station
	10.3 On-Board Software
	10.4 Electronic Data Recording
	10.5 Summary of Total station Characteristics
	10.6 Field Procedures for Total-Station in Topographic Surveys
	10.7 Total-Station with Enhanced Capabilities
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answer to Objective-type Questions
11 Curves
	Introduction
	11.1 Classification
	11.2 Simple Circular Curve
	11.3 Compound Curve
	11.4 Reverse Curve
	11.5 Transition Curve
	11.6 Vertical Curve
	11.7 Sources of Error
	11.8 Mistakes
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answer to Objective-type Questions
12 Measurement of Area
	Introduction
	12.1 Measurement of Area
	12.2 Computation of Area by Geometrical Figures
	12.3 Area from Offsets
	12.4 Area from Coordinates
	12.5 Area by Coordinate Squares
	12.6 Area by Planimeter
	12.7 Digital Planimeter
	12.8 Subdivision of an Area
	12.9 Sources of Error
	12.10 Mistakes
		Summary
			Exercises
			Objective-type Questions
			Answer to Objective-type Questions
13 Measurement of Volumes
	Introduction
	13.1 Definitions
	13.2 Methods of Measurements of Volume
	13.3 Measurement from Cross Sections
	13.4 Types of Cross Sections and Areas
	13.5 Volume Formulae
	13.6 Prismoidal Correction
	13.7 Curvature Correction
	13.8 Volume from Spot levels
	13.9 Volume from Contour Map
	13.10 Mass Diagram
	13.11 Sources of Error
	13.12 Mistakes
		Summary
			Exercises
			Objective-type Questions
			Answer to Objective-type Questions
14 Setting Out
	Introduction
	14.1 Definitions
	14.2 Setting Out of Structures
		Summary
		Exercises
		Objective-type Questions
		Answer to Objective-type Questions
Appendices
	I Reference of Maps
	II to X Forms for Booking Measurements
	XI The Projection Systems
	XII Instruments for Enlarging, Reducing or Reproduction of Plans
	XIII Tacheometric Tables
	XIV Tacheometric Reduction Diagrams