Surveying

Preface
......Page 8
Contents
......Page 10
1.3 Most Probable Value
......Page 14
1.6 Standard Error of Mean
......Page 15
1.9 Weight
......Page 16
1.11 Propagation of Error
......Page 17
1.12 Normal Distribution
......Page 18
2.1 Direct Method Using a Tape
......Page 33
2.3 Error in Sag Correction Due to Error in Pull
......Page 36
2.4 Elongation of a Steel Tape When Used for Measurements in a Vertical Shaft
......Page 37
2.5 Tacheometric or Optical Method
......Page 39
2.7 Effect of Staff Verticality
......Page 40
2.9 Effect of Subtense Bar Not Being Normal to the Line Joining the Instrument and the Subtense Bar
......Page 42
2.10 Eelectromagnetic Distance Measurement (EDM)
......Page 43
2.11 Accuracy in Vertical Angle Measurements
......Page 49
3.4 Level Line
......Page 72
3.5 Direct Differential or Spirit Levelling
......Page 73
3.6 Comparison of Methods and Their Uses
......Page 76
3.8 Reciprocal Levelling
......Page 77
3.9 Trigonometric Levelling
......Page 78
3.11 Two-Peg Test
......Page 80
3.12 Eye and Object Correction
......Page 81
4.1 The Theodolite
......Page 102
4.2 Errors Due to Maladjustments of the Theodolite
......Page 103
4.4 Coordinates
......Page 105
4.6 Departure 
and Latitude......Page 106
4.8 Balancing the Traverse
......Page 107
4.9 Omitted Observations
......Page 108
4.10 Centering Error of Theodolite
......Page 109
4.11 Compatibility of Linear and Angular Measurements
......Page 110
5.3 Observation Equations and Condition Equations
......Page 135
5.4 Normal Equation
......Page 136
5.7 Method of Variation of Coordinates
......Page 137
5.8 General Method of Adjusting a Polygon With a Central station
......Page 138
6.2 Strength of Figure
......Page 179
6.4 Phase of a Signal
......Page 180
6.5 Satellite Station, Reduction to Centre, and Eccentricity of Signal
......Page 181
6.6 Location of Points by Intersection and Resection
......Page 183
6.7 Reduction of Slope Distances
......Page 186
6.8 Spherical Triangle
......Page 189
6.9 Effect of Earth’s Curvature
......Page 190
6.10 Convergence
......Page 191
7.2 Circular Curves
......Page 215
7.3 Compound Curves......Page 217
7.4 Reverse Curves
......Page 218
7.5 Transition Curves
......Page 220
7.6 Vertical Curves
......Page 221
8.2 Areas
......Page 269
8.3 Volumes
......Page 271
8.4 Heights of Points from a Digital Terrain Model
......Page 274
8.5 Mass-Haul Diagram
......Page 275
9.3 Intersection and Resection
......Page 300
9.4 Transfer of Surface Alignment-Tunnelling
......Page 301
9.8 Sight Rails for a Trench Sewer
......Page 302
9.9 Embankment Profile Boards
......Page 303
Selected Problems
......Page 323
Index
......Page 336