Survey Sampling (Wiley Series of Survey Methodology)

Preface......Page 3
Contents......Page 9
Part I FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEY SAMPLING......Page 15
1.0 Guide to the Introduction......Page 17
1.1 Survey Design and Sample Design......Page 18
1.2 A Taxonomy of Survey Units and Concepts......Page 20
1.3 Population Values and Statistics......Page 23
1.4 Statistical Inference in Surveys......Page 28
1.5 A Taxonomy of Selection Procedures......Page 31
1.6 Criteria of Sample Design......Page 37
1.7 Mechanical Selection, Randomization, and Frames......Page 40
2.0 Some Basic Symbols......Page 49
2.1 Procedures for Simple Random Sampling (SRS)......Page 50
2.2 Mean and Variance of SRS......Page 54
2.3 The "fpc"; Sampling without Replacement......Page 57
2.4 Proportions; the Means of Binomials......Page 59
2.5 Relative Error......Page 61
2.6 The Design of Economic Samples......Page 63
2.7 Frame Problems......Page 67
2.8A Some Fundamentals......Page 73
2.8B Variance in Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement......Page 76
2.8C The Expectations of Some Important Types of Samples......Page 78
2.8D Variances for Linear Combinations......Page 83
3.1 Definition and Purposes......Page 89
3.2 The Weighted Mean and Its Variance......Page 91
3.3 Mean and Variance for Stratified Element Sampling......Page 94
3.4A The Mean and Variance of Proportionate Samples......Page 96
3.4B The Design of Proportionate Samples......Page 100
3.4C Post-Stratification or Stratification after Selection......Page 104
3.5 Disproportionate Sampling or Optimum Allocation......Page 106
3.6A Classifying Sampling Units......Page 112
3.6D Overlapping Lists......Page 113
3.6G Utilizing Available Variables......Page 114
3.6H Elaborate Controls Unnecessary......Page 115
3.6K Equal Allocation......Page 116
3.6L* Optimum Stratification......Page 118
4.1A Uses of Systematic Samples......Page 127
4.1B Problems with Intervals......Page 129
4.1C Variances for Systematic Samples......Page 131
4.2 Problems of Systematic Selection......Page 134
4.3 Paired Selections......Page 137
4.4 Replicated Sampling......Page 141
4.5A Subclass Means, Totals, and Their Variances......Page 146
4.5B* Derivations of Variances for Stratified Subclasses......Page 150
4.5C* Optimum Allocation for Subclasses......Page 152
4.6A Precision of Proportionate Samples......Page 153
4.6B Precision of Optimum Allocation......Page 156
5.1 Nature of Clusters......Page 162
5.2 Random Choice of Clusters......Page 165
5.3A The Aims of Subsampling......Page 168
5.3B Features of Simple Replicated Subsampling......Page 170
5.4 Effects of Clustering; Intraclass Correlation, Roh......Page 175
5.5 Stratified Cluster Sampling......Page 178
5.6A Components of Two-Stage Random Sampling......Page 180
5.6B The Intraclass Correlation......Page 184
5.6C Tables for Analysis of Variance......Page 187
6.1 Problems of Unequal Clusters......Page 196
6.2 Random Selection of Unequal Clusters; Epsem Subsampling......Page 198
6.3 Variances for Random Unequal Clusters......Page 201
6.4A Any Number (a_h) of Clusters......Page 204
6.4B Paired Selection of Clusters......Page 207
6.5A The Difference of Two Ratio Means......Page 209
6.5B Simple Variances for Complex Samples......Page 211
6.5C Variances for Systematic Primary Selections......Page 216
6.5D Expansions with Ratio Estimates......Page 217
6.6A Variance of the Ratio Mean......Page 220
6.6B Bias of the Ratio Mean......Page 222
6.6C The Difference of Two Ratio Means......Page 223
6.6D The Product yx and Relvariances......Page 225
7.1 Control of Sample Size......Page 231
7.2 Control of Subsample Size with PPS......Page 234
7.3 Paired Selection of Primaries......Page 237
7.4A Single Selection from Random Half-Strata......Page 241
7.4B* Selecting Two Primaries without Replacement......Page 243
7.4C Systematic Selection of Primaries with PPS......Page 244
7.4D Single Selection from Each Stratum......Page 245
7.4E* Three or More Primaries per Stratum......Page 246
7.5A Selection with PPS Measures......Page 248
7.5B Subselection within Primary Units......Page 252
7.5C Variations in Actual Subsample Size......Page 253
7.5D Sampling Fractions, Strata and Measure Adjustments......Page 255
7.5E Undersized and Oversized Clusters......Page 257
7.5F Fractional Systematic Selection Intervals......Page 260
8.1 Planned Precision Based on Unit Variance......Page 268
8.2 Estimates of Unit Variance; Design Effect......Page 271
8.3A A General Model of Cost Factors......Page 277
8.3B Specific Cost Function for Cluster Samples......Page 282
8.4A Simple Designs......Page 286
8.4B Practical Field Instructions......Page 288
8.4C Random Numbers for Field Work......Page 290
8.4D Sequential Control of Sample Size......Page 291
8.5* Optimum Designs......Page 293
8.6A Replicated Subsampling......Page 296
8.6B Collapsed Strata......Page 297
8.6C Special Techniques for Variance Computations......Page 300
8.6D Precision of Variance Estimates......Page 303
8.6E Components of the Variance......Page 305
Part II SPECIAL PROBLEMS AND TECHNIQUES......Page 313
9.1 Area Frames for Dwellings......Page 315
9.2 Preparing Maps......Page 318
9.3 Selection Rates for Blocks and Dwellings......Page 322
9.4A Compact Segments versus Listed Dwellings......Page 327
9.4C Supplements for the New, the Missed, and the Unusual......Page 330
9.4D Repeated Selection from a Listing......Page 332
9.4E Modification to Three or More Stages......Page 333
9.4F Maps, Photos, and Similar Materials......Page 334
9.5A Procedures for Compact Segments......Page 336
9.5B Instructions for Segmenting......Page 339
9.5C Instructions for Interviewing in Segments......Page 343
9.5D Segmented Listing......Page 345
9.6A Instructions for Listing Dwellings......Page 348
9.6B Selecting Listed Dwellings......Page 352
9.6C Identifying Dwellings at Sample Addresses......Page 353
9.7A Special Features......Page 357
9.7C Instructions for Listing Buildings......Page 358
9.7D Segmenting Blocks and Selecting Segments......Page 362
9.7E instructions for Sampling the Segments......Page 363
9.8A City Directories as Frames for Dwellings......Page 366
9.8B Selecting from Directories......Page 368
9.8C Instructions for Sample Dwellings at Selected Addresses......Page 369
9.8D Instructions for Block Supplement for Missed Dwellings......Page 370
10.1 Three-Stage Area Samples......Page 373
10.2 A National Sample of Primary Areas (Counties)......Page 377
10.3A Measures for Major Strata......Page 384
10.3B Uniform Design for All Strata......Page 386
10.3D The County as Part of a National Sample......Page 388
10.4 The Current Population Survey......Page 391
11.1 Empty Listings and Foreign Elements; Variable Frame Densities......Page 398
11.2A How to Avoid the Problem......Page 402
11.2B Creating Unique Listings......Page 403
11.2C Weighting the Selection with 1/p_i......Page 404
11.2D Matching from Overlapping Lists......Page 408
11.3A Dwellings as Clusters of Persons......Page 410
11.3B Selecting One Adult from the Household......Page 412
11.3C Epsem Selection of Persons......Page 415
11.4A Selection Techniques for Rare Traits......Page 418
11.4B Highly Skewed Populations......Page 424
11.4C Screening with Field Ratings......Page 426
11.5 Supplements for Incomplete Frames......Page 429
11.6 Observational Units of Variable Sizes......Page 432
11.7A Aims and Procedures of Weighting......Page 438
11.7B Losses from Random Duplication and Elimination......Page 441
11.7C Losses from Oversampling Strata......Page 443
11.8A The Advantages of N\bar y over Fy......Page 447
11.8B Totals from Subclasses of SRS......Page 448
11.8C The Product Estimate \tilde N\bar y of Aggregates......Page 450
12.1A The Economics of Two-Phase Sampling......Page 454
12.1B Stratification in Two-Phase Sampling......Page 457
12.1C Complex Two-Phase Selections......Page 458
12.2A Two-Phase Ratio Means......Page 460
12.2B Two-Phase Regression Estimates......Page 462
12.2C Comparisons of Regression, Ratio, and Stratified Means in Two-Phase Sampling......Page 464
12.3A Regression Means......Page 465
12.3B Comparisons with Ratio and Difference Means......Page 468
12.3C Stratified Regression Means......Page 469
12.4A Variances of Differences between Two Overlapping Samples......Page 471
12.4B Gains from Overlaps in Measuring Change......Page 476
12.4C Sums and Current Estimates from Overlapping Samples......Page 480
12.5A Panels versus New Samples......Page 483
12.5B Partial Overlaps in Rotation Designs......Page 485
12.5C Choice of Overlapping Units......Page 486
12.5D Splitting a Large Survey into Repeated Samples; Time Sampling......Page 488
12.6 Continuing Sampling Operations......Page 491
12.6A Master Frames......Page 492
12.6B Techniques for Cumulating Information......Page 494
12.6C A Stratum for "Surprises"......Page 495
12.6D Inertias of Continuing Operations......Page 496
12.7A A Procedure for Minimum Changes of Selections......Page 497
12.7B Modifications of the Procedure......Page 499
12.7C A Simple Procedure for Burgeoning Units......Page 500
12.7D Shifting Units between Strata......Page 501
12.8* Multiple Stratification, Lattice Sampling, Controlled Selection......Page 502
12.9 Standard Errors for Medians and Quantiles......Page 509
12.10 Trinomials and Matched Binomials......Page 511
12.11A Linear Combinations of Ratio Means......Page 515
12.11B Double Ratios; Comparisons; Indexes......Page 517
Part III RELATED CONCEPTS......Page 521
13.1 Relation of Bias to Variable Error......Page 523
13.2A Biases and Variable Errors......Page 528
13.2B Descriptions of Diverse Errors......Page 533
13.2C Some Effects of Errors......Page 538
13.3 Noncoverage; Incomplete Frames, Missing Units......Page 541
13.4A Sources of Nonresponse......Page 546
13.4B Effects of Nonresponse......Page 549
13.4C Some Nonresponse Results and Call-Back Data......Page 550
13.5A Methods and Aims of Control......Page 562
13.5B Call-Backs......Page 564
13.5C Subsampling Nonresponses......Page 570
13.6A Estimation of Effects......Page 571
13.6B Substitutions for Nonresponses......Page 572
13.6C The Politz Scheme......Page 573
13.6D A Replacement Procedure......Page 574
13.7 Quota Sampling......Page 576
13.8* Effects of Bias on Probability Statements......Page 580
14.1 Computation and Presentation of Sampling Errors......Page 588
14.2 Analytical Statistics for Complex Samples......Page 596
14.3 Some Remarks about Statistical Inference......Page 601
14.4 Experiments and Surveys......Page 607
14.5 Multiple Objectives; Multipurpose Surveys......Page 611
APPENDIXES......Page 617
A Summary of Symbols and Terms......Page 619
B Unit Analysis of Statistical Formulas......Page 628
C Remarks on Computations......Page 631
D Table of Random Numbers......Page 636
E List of a Population of 270 Blocks......Page 638
References......Page 641
Answers to Selected Problems......Page 651
Index......Page 653