Surgery and Operating Room Innovation

Preface
Contents
Part I: Surgical Devices and the Operating Room
	1: Lightweight Carbon-Reinforced Resin Surgical Instruments
		1.1	 Introduction
		1.2	 Materials and Methods
			1.2.1	 Surgical Instruments and Material Prototypes
			1.2.2	 Design and Fabrication Process
			1.2.3	 Assessment of Mechanical Properties
				1.2.3.1	 Forceps and Needle Holder
				1.2.3.2	 Tweezers
				1.2.3.3	 Scissors
			1.2.4	 Durability and Long-Term Stability Test
			1.2.5	 Feasibility and Sensory Evaluations
		1.3	 Results
			1.3.1	 Surgical Instrument and Material Prototypes
			1.3.2	 Assessment of Mechanical Properties
				1.3.2.1	 Forceps and Needle Holder
				1.3.2.2	 Tweezers
				1.3.2.3	 Scissors
			1.3.3	 Durability and Long-Term Stability Test
			1.3.4	 Feasibility and Sensory Evaluations
		1.4	 Discussion
		1.5	 Conclusions
		References
	2: Forceps-Type Palpation System for Laparoscopic Surgery
		2.1	 Background
		2.2	 History of Tactile Sensing Systems During Surgery
		2.3	 New Tactile Sensing System
			2.3.1	 Sensing Device: Sensor-Forceps
			2.3.2	 Display System
			2.3.3	 Ring Display
			2.3.4	 System Composition
		2.4	 Clinical Application
			2.4.1	 Cases and Methods
			2.4.2	 Results
			2.4.3	 Current Problems
		2.5	 Future
		References
	3: Ultrahigh Definition (8K UHD) Video System and Video-Assisted Surgery in the Near Future
		3.1	 Introduction
		3.2	 Development of the 8K Video Technology
		3.3	 Specifications of the Current 8K UHD System
		3.4	 Laparoscopic Application of the 8K Technology
		3.5	 Video-Assisted Surgery in the Near Future
			3.5.1	 Immersion Surgery (Fig. 3.7)
			3.5.2	 Bird-View Surgery
			3.5.3	 Head-Up Microsurgery (Fig. 3.8)
			3.5.4	 Color-Guided Surgery
		3.6	 Conclusions
		References
	4: Monitoring of Surgeon’s Surgical Skills Using Internet of Things-Enabled Medical Instruments
		4.1	 Introduction
		4.2	 Automatic Tracking and Recording Systems
			4.2.1	 Surgical Forceps Tracking by RFID
			4.2.2	 Recording of Activation of Electrocautery Probe
			4.2.3	 Output Interface
		4.3	 Feasibility and Safety of Surgical Devices with IoT
			4.3.1	 Preclinical Animal Model
			4.3.2	 Insertion Rate of the Forceps by the Left and Right Hands
			4.3.3	 Visualization of the Usage of Electrocautery
		4.4	 Trend of IoT in Medical Devices
		4.5	 Prospects for Operating Room Innovation
		References
Part II: Medical Materials and Regenerative Medicine
	5: Regenerative Medicine in the Operating Room at Present and in the Near Future
		5.1	 Introduction
		5.2	 Regulatory System for Regenerative Medicine
		5.3	 Regenerative Medical Products
		5.4	 Cell Processing Facility (CPF)
		5.5	 Relationship Between CPFs and Operating Room
			5.5.1	 Regenerative Medicine Without CPF
			5.5.2	 Regenerative Medicine With CPFs
		5.6	 Operating Rooms and Regenerative Medicine in the Future
		References
	6: Surgery and Operating Room for Restoring Organs: Organ Regeneration by Tissue Engineering in the Near Future
		6.1	 Introduction
		6.2	 Organ Restoration by Tissue Engineering (TE)
		6.3	 Organ Restoration Using Bioabsorbable Material
			6.3.1	 Biliary Regeneration
			6.3.2	 Gastric Regeneration
			6.3.3	 Esophageal Regeneration
		6.4	 Establishment of Cell Processing Centers (CPCs)
		6.5	 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality
	7: Extended Reality (XR:VR/AR/MR), 3D Printing, Holography, A.I., Radiomics, and Online VR Tele-Medicine for Precision Surgery
		7.1	 Introduction
		7.2	 Methods
		7.3	 Results
			7.3.1	 VR
			7.3.2	 AR
			7.3.3	 MR
			7.3.4	 Bio-elastic Wet 3D-Printing Model
		7.4	 Discussion
		7.5	 Conclusion
		References
	8: Application of AI in Endoscopic Surgical Operations
		8.1	 Preface
		8.2	 Topics of AI Application in Endoscopic Surgery
			8.2.1	 Diagnostic Support by AI
			8.2.2	 AI-Assisted Navigation in Endoscopic Surgery
			8.2.3	 Preoperative Prediction Using AI
			8.2.4	 Intraoperative Decision Support by AI
			8.2.5	 Application of AI in Surgical Education
			8.2.6	 Video Recognition by AI
			8.2.7	 Autonomous Surgery Using AI
		References
Part IV: Navigation Surgery
	9: Application of ICG Fluorescent Endoscope Systems in Identifying Small Lung Cancers on the Periphery of the Lungs in Thoracoscopic Surgery
		9.1	 Background
		9.2	 Methods
		9.3	 Results
		9.4	 Discussion
		9.5	 Conclusions
		References
	10: Novel Multispectral Device for Quantitative Imaging of Tissue Oxygen Saturation and Hemoglobin as Surgical Navigation Device
		10.1	 Introduction
		10.2	 Technological Background
			10.2.1	 The Principle of Quantifying Tissue Oxygen Saturation
			10.2.2	 Method for Quantification of Tissue Oxygen Saturation
			10.2.3	 Demonstration Experiment Using Blood
			10.2.4	 Quantification of Tissue Oxygen Saturation
			10.2.5	 The Principle of Quantification of Hemoglobin Amount
			10.2.6	 Method for Quantifying Hemoglobin Amount
		10.3	 Experimental
			10.3.1	 Verification Experiment of Luminance Nonuniformity Correction Due to Organ Shape
			10.3.2	 Verification Experiment of Correlated Values of Hemoglobin Amount
			10.3.3	 Quantification of Hemoglobin Amount
		10.4	 Discussion
		References
	11: Clinical Benefit of Mixed Reality Holographic Cholangiography for Image-Guided Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
		11.1	 Introduction
		11.2	 Image-Guided Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Current Trends and Issues
		11.3	 VR for Surgery in the Operating Room
		11.4	 MR for Surgery in the Operating Room
		11.5	 Characteristics of the MR Terminal
		11.6	 Methods of MR for Surgery in the Operating Room
		11.7	 Discussion
		11.8	 Advantages and Disadvantages of Image-Guided Surgery with MR
			11.8.1	 Advantages
			11.8.2	 Disadvantages
		11.9	 Conclusion
		References
Part V: Robotic Surgery
	12: Development of Laparoscopic Surgery by Means of Foldable Small Humanoid Robot Hands with Tactile Sensation for Laparoscopic Surgery
		12.1	 Recent Use of HALS for Colorectal Cancer: Advantages and Disadvantages
		12.2	 Robot Hand with a Master-Slave System Developed by Yokoi’s Laboratory
		12.3	 Development of a Foldable Small Humanoid Robot Hand by Kato’s Laboratory
		12.4	 Robot HALS Project Since 2013: Collaboration of Medical and Engineering Departments with Other Academics
		12.5	 Development of Pseudo-tactile Sensation Using Pressure Sensors in the Fingertips and Next-Generation Prototype Models
		12.6	 Future Perspective
		References
	13: Robotic Surgery: Currently and in the Near Future
		13.1	 Introduction
		13.2	 Transition of Endoscopic Surgery: With a Focus on Laparoscopic Colectomy
		13.3	 What Kind of Surgery Is Endoscopic Surgery?
		13.4	 Advent of Robotic Surgery
		13.5	 Advantages and Disadvantages Brought About by Robotic Surgery
		13.6	 The Present and Future of Robot Development
		13.7	 In Closing