Surface production operations

Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 13
Preface......Page 14
CHAPTER 1 Overview of Gas-Handling Facilities......Page 16
CHAPTER 2 Heat Transfer Theory......Page 22
1.1 Conduction......Page 23
1.1 Convection......Page 24
1.1 Radiation......Page 25
1.1 Overall Temperature Difference......Page 26
1.1 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient......Page 29
1.1 Inside Film Coefficient......Page 30
1.1 Outside Film Coefficient (in a Liquid Bath)......Page 43
1.1 Approximate Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient......Page 48
1.2 Sensible Heat......Page 50
1.2 Latent Heat......Page 52
1.2 Heat Duty for Multiphase Streams......Page 54
1.2 Natural Gas Sensible Heat Duty at Constant Pressure......Page 55
1.2 Oil Sensible Heat Duty......Page 56
1.2 Water Sensible Heat Duty......Page 57
1.2 Heat Lost to Atmosphere......Page 58
1.2 Heat Transfer from a Fire Tube......Page 59
3.1 Heat Exchangers......Page 62
3.2 Shell-and-Tube Exchangers......Page 63
3.2 Baffles......Page 64
3.2 Tube Pitch......Page 66
3.2 Options......Page 67
3.2 Selection of Types......Page 72
3.2 Placement of Fluid......Page 74
3.2 TEMA Classes and Tube Materials......Page 75
3.2 Sizing......Page 76
3.4 Plate-and-Frame Exchangers......Page 80
3.5 Aerial Coolers......Page 89
3.6 Fired Heater......Page 97
3.7 Heat Recovery Units......Page 98
3.8 Heat Exchanger Example Problem......Page 101
CHAPTER 4 Hydrates......Page 107
4.1 Determination of Hydrate Formation Temperature or Pressure......Page 108
4.2 Condensation of Water Vapor......Page 113
4.3 Temperature Drop Due to Gas Expansion......Page 115
4.4 Thermodynamic Inhibitors......Page 118
4.5 Kinetic Inhibitors and Anti-Agglomerators......Page 122
CHAPTER 5 LTX Units and Line Heaters......Page 124
5.1 LTX Units......Page 125
5.2 Line Heaters......Page 127
5.3 Heat Duty......Page 128
5.4 Fire-Tube Size......Page 130
5.5 Choose Temperatures......Page 131
5.5 Choose Coil Diameter......Page 132
5.5 Choose Wall Thickness......Page 133
5.5 Coil Lengths......Page 134
5.6 Standard Size Line Heaters......Page 135
5.7 Line Heater Design Example Problem......Page 137
CHAPTER 6 Condensate Stabilization......Page 145
6.2 Multistage Separation......Page 146
6.3 Multiple Flashes at Constant Pressure and Increasing Temperature......Page 147
6.4 Cold Feed Distillation Tower......Page 149
6.5 Distillation Tower with Reflux......Page 151
6.6 Condensate Stabilizer Design......Page 152
6.7 Trays......Page 156
6.7 Packing......Page 160
6.7 Trays or Packing......Page 163
6.9 LTX Unit as a Condensate Stabilizer......Page 164
CHAPTER 7 Acid Gas Treating......Page 166
7.1 Gas Sweetening Processes......Page 171
7.1 Solid Bed Absorption......Page 172
7.1 Chemical Solvents......Page 176
7.1 Physical Solvent Processes......Page 184
7.1 Direct Conversion of H[sub(2)]S to Sulfur......Page 187
7.1 Sulfide Scavengers......Page 192
7.1 Gas Permeation......Page 193
7.2 Process Selection......Page 194
7.3 Design Procedures for Iron-Sponge Units......Page 195
7.4 Amine Absorber......Page 200
7.4 Amine Circulation Rates......Page 201
7.4 Amine Reboiler......Page 202
7.4 Overhead Condenser and Reflux Accumulator......Page 203
7.4 Amine Solution Purification......Page 204
7.4 Materials of Construction......Page 205
CHAPTER 8 Gas Dehydration......Page 210
8.2 Glycol Dehydration......Page 211
8.2 Process Description......Page 213
8.2 Choice of Glycol......Page 219
8.2 Design Considerations......Page 220
8.2 System Sizing......Page 228
8.2 Glycol Powered Pumps......Page 233
8.3 Glycol Dehydration Example......Page 237
8.4 Solid Bed Dehydration......Page 243
8.4 Process Description......Page 244
8.4 Design Considerations......Page 247
8.5 Dry Desiccant Design Example......Page 252
CHAPTER 9 Gas Processing......Page 256
9.1 Absorption/Lean Oil......Page 259
9.2 Refrigeration......Page 261
9.3 Fractionation......Page 264
9.3 Design Considerations......Page 266
CHAPTER 10 Compressors......Page 268
10.1 Reciprocating Compressors......Page 270
10.1 Vane-Type Rotary Compressors......Page 279
10.1 Helical-Lobe (Screw) Rotary Compressors......Page 281
10.1 Centrifugal Compressors......Page 282
10.2 Specifying a Compressor......Page 285
14.4 Failure Mode Effect Analysis—FMEA......Page 0
10.5 Centrifugal Compressors Process Considerations......Page 296
11.1 Components......Page 301
11.1 Frame......Page 302
11.1 Cylinder......Page 304
11.1 Special Compressor Cylinder Construction......Page 306
11.1 Distance Pieces......Page 308
11.1 Crosshead and Rods and Crankshaft......Page 309
11.1 Bearings......Page 311
11.1 Packing......Page 313
11.1 Compressor Valves......Page 315
11.1 Capacity Control Devices......Page 317
11.2 Cylinder Sizing......Page 322
11.2 Volumetric Efficiency......Page 323
11.2 Cylinder Throughput Capacity......Page 324
11.3 Rod Load......Page 325
11.4 Compressor Cylinder Cooling......Page 327
11.4 Frame Lubrication System......Page 328
11.4 Cylinder/Packing Lubrication System......Page 331
11.5 Pipe Sizing Considerations......Page 332
11.5 Foundation Design Considerations......Page 334
11.5 Industry Standard Specifications......Page 335
11.5 Fugitive Emissions Control......Page 336
CHAPTER 12 Mechanical Design of Pressure Vessels......Page 342
12.1 Design Pressure......Page 343
12.1 Determining Wall Thickness......Page 346
12.2 Inspection Procedures......Page 348
12.3 Estimating Vessel Weights......Page 350
12.4 Specification and Design of Pressure Vessels......Page 355
CHAPTER 13 Pressure Relief......Page 370
13.1 Relief Requirements......Page 371
13.2 Conventional Relief Valves......Page 375
13.2 Balanced-Bellows Relief Valves......Page 378
13.2 Pilot-Operated Relief Valves......Page 379
13.3 Critical Flow......Page 382
13.3 Effects of Back-Pressure......Page 383
13.3 Flow Rate for Gas......Page 385
13.3 Flow Rate for Liquids......Page 387
13.4 Installation......Page 389
13.4 Vent or Flare Tip......Page 391
13.4 Relief Header Design......Page 392
13.5 Example Problems......Page 395
CHAPTER 14 Safety Systems......Page 401
14.1 Hazard Tree......Page 402
14.2 Developing a Safe Process......Page 409
14.3 Primary Defense......Page 411
14.5 Modified FMEA Approach......Page 413
14.6 API Recommended Practice 14C......Page 416
14.8 Annunciation Systems......Page 420
14.9 Function Matrix and Function Charts......Page 421
14.10 Symbols......Page 425
14.11 Types of Hazards Analysis......Page 433
14.11 Problems Commonly Encountered......Page 434
14.12 Safety Management Systems......Page 435
14.13 Safety Case and Individual Risk Rate......Page 438
CHAPTER 15 Valves, Fittings, and Piping Details......Page 440
15.1 Ball Valves......Page 441
15.1 Plug Valves......Page 445
15.1 Globe Valves......Page 447
15.1 Needle Valves......Page 450
15.1 Check Valves......Page 451
15.1 Valve Selection and Designation......Page 453
15.2 Chokes......Page 455
15.3 Piping Design Considerations......Page 456
15.4 Minimum Pipe Wall Thickness......Page 463
15.4 Pipe End Connections......Page 464
15.4 Branch Connections......Page 465
15.4 Insulation......Page 466
15.5 Chokes......Page 476
15.5 Flange Protectors......Page 477
15.5 Vessel Drains......Page 479
15.5 Control Stations......Page 480
CHAPTER 16 Prime Movers......Page 482
16.1 Four-Stroke Cycle Engine......Page 483
16.1 Two-Stroke Cycle Engine......Page 485
16.1 Comparison of Two-Cycle and Four-Cycle Engines......Page 488
16.1 Engine Speed......Page 489
16.1 Carburetion and Fuel Injection......Page 490
16.2 Gas Turbine Engines......Page 492
16.2 Fundamentals......Page 494
16.2 Effect of Air Compressor Speed......Page 497
16.2 Single- vs. Multi-Shaft Turbines......Page 498
16.2 Effect of Air Contaminants......Page 501
16.3 Air Pollution......Page 502
16.3 Noise Pollution......Page 507
17.1 Sources of Power......Page 508
17.1 Utility Power......Page 509
17.1 Electrical Generating Stations......Page 510
17.2 Three-Phase Connections......Page 511
17.2 Power......Page 512
17.2 Power Factor......Page 513
17.3 Hazardous Area (Location) Classification......Page 515
17.4 Gas Detection Systems......Page 528
17.5 Grounding......Page 530
17.6 D.C. Power Supply......Page 532
17.7 Categories of Devices......Page 533
17.8 Limitations on Installation of Electrical Devices in Hazardous Areas......Page 539
17.9 Wiring Methods......Page 544
17.9 Division 1 Areas......Page 546
17.9 Wiring System Selection......Page 548
17.9 Sealing Fittings......Page 550
17.9 Receptacles and Attachment Plugs......Page 553
17.9 Seal Locations......Page 554
17.9 Seal Fittings Installation......Page 555
17.9 Specific Equipment Considerations......Page 556
17.10 Corrosion Considerations......Page 560
17.11 Electrical Standards and Codes......Page 562
B......Page 568
C......Page 569
D......Page 571
E......Page 572
F......Page 573
G......Page 574
H......Page 575
I......Page 576
M......Page 577
P......Page 578
R......Page 580
S......Page 581
V......Page 583
Z......Page 584