Surface Mining Technology (Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering)

Preface
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction to Mining
	1.1 Advancements in Mining Technology
	1.2 Introductory to Mining
		1.2.1 Mineral
		1.2.2 Rock
		1.2.3 Ore
		1.2.4 Metallic Ores
		1.2.5 Nonmetallic Minerals (Industrial Minerals)
	1.3 Surface Mine Terminology
	1.4 The Choice Between Surface and Underground Mining
	1.5 Surface Mining
		1.5.1 Open Pit Mining
		1.5.2 Open Cast Mining
		1.5.3 Glory Holing
		1.5.4 Quarrying or Quarry Mining
		1.5.5 Strip Mining
		1.5.6 Auger Mining
		1.5.7 Placer Mining or Alluvial Mining
	1.6 Underground Mining
	1.7 Preparation of Open Pit Field for Mining
	1.8 Stages in the Life of a Mine
		1.8.1 Prospecting
		1.8.2 Exploration
		1.8.3 Development
		1.8.4 Exploitation
		1.8.5 Reclamation
	1.9 Unit Operations of Mining
	References
2 Principles of Surface Mining of Mineral Deposits
	2.1 Mine Layout
		2.1.1 The Shape and Depth of the Deposit
		2.1.2 The Properties of the Ore and Overburden
		2.1.3 Geometry of Excavating Equipment
	2.2 Types of Surface Mining Deposits
		2.2.1 Deposit Shape
		2.2.2 The Relief of Deposit Surface
		2.2.3 Position of Deposit
		2.2.4 Deposit Dip Angle
		2.2.5 Depth of Deposits
		2.2.6 Mineral Quality
		2.2.7 Rock Type
	2.3 Kinds of Surface Mining
	2.4 Kinds and Sizes of Open-Pit Fields
	2.5 Variations of Open Pit Mining
	2.6 Surface Mining Economics
		2.6.1 The Concept of “Cut-Off”
		2.6.2 Profit Margin
	2.7 Maximum Versus Overall Stripping Ratio
	2.8 Different Stripping Ratios
		2.8.1 Industrial Excavation Ratio
		2.8.2 Exploitation Excavation Ratio
		2.8.3 Current Excavation Ratio
		2.8.4 Expansion Excavation Ratio
		2.8.5 Layer Ratio
		2.8.6 Border Excavation Ratio (Critical Ratio)
	2.9 Difficult Parts
		2.9.1 Difficult Part Near to One of the Borders (Case I)
		2.9.2 Difficult Part near to Two Borders (Case II)
		2.9.3 Turning Point (Case III)
		2.9.4 Intersection (Case IV)
	2.10 Important Coefficients in Surface Mining
	References
3 Slope Stability
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Soil Slope Physical Properties
		3.2.1 Formation of the Soil
		3.2.2 Soil Types
	3.3 Physical Properties of Soil
		3.3.1 Soil Moisture Content
		3.3.2 Permeability
		3.3.3 Capillarity
		3.3.4 Soil Shear Strength
	3.4 Slope Stability Analysis
		3.4.1 Factors Contributing to Slope Failures
		3.4.2 Classification of Slides
		3.4.3 Mode of Rupture
		3.4.4 Plane Rupture Surfaces
		3.4.5 Circular Sliding Surface
		3.4.6 Seepage Force
		3.4.7 Seismic Forces
		3.4.8 Friction-Circle Method
		3.4.9 Remedial Work Against Failures of Slopes
	References
4 Prevention of Slides in Surface Mines
	4.1 Characteristics of Slides and Falls in Opencast Mines
	4.2 Stability of Pit Benches and Faces
	4.3 Stability of Pit Wall
	4.4 Stability of Waste Banks
	References
5 Surface Mine Development
	5.1 Order of Development of Opencast Mining Work
	5.2 The Concepts of Regimes and Stages of Mining Work
	5.3 The Theory of Stripping of Mining Levels
		5.3.1 The Order of Formation of Freight Traffic
		5.3.2 Kinds of Freight Traffic
		5.3.3 Prerequisites for the Formation of Freight Traffic
		5.3.4 Initial Stages of Mining Work Development
		5.3.5 Stripping Workings
		5.3.6 Methods of Stripping of Working Levels in a Quarry
		5.3.7 Routes of Stripping Workings
		5.3.8 Route Forms of Permanent Workings
		5.3.9 Volumes of Main Trenches and Half-Trenches
		5.3.10 Working Trenches and Pits
	5.4 The Nature of Surface Mining
		5.4.1 Land Reclamation
		5.4.2 Topsoil Stockpiles and Waste Disposal
		5.4.3 Advanced Stripping
		5.4.4 Plant Layout
	5.5 Pit Planning and Design
		5.5.1 Introduction
		5.5.2 Long-Term Mine Planning
		5.5.3 Short-Term Mining Planning
		5.5.4 Stripping Ratio and Pit Limit
	5.6 Special Topics
		5.6.1 Calculation of Stripping Ratios and Pit Limits
	References
6 Surface Mining Equipments
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Types of Draglines
		6.2.1 Size of Dragline (Range and Capacity)
		6.2.2 The Output of Draglines
		6.2.3 Mining Method
		6.2.4 Average Mining Load per Cycle
		6.2.5 Fillability
		6.2.6 Cycle Times
		6.2.7 Theoretical Swing Time
		6.2.8 Mining Cycle Time
		6.2.9 Percent Operating Time
		6.2.10 Costs
		6.2.11 Outputs of Clamshells
		6.2.12 Working Ranges of Clamshells
		6.2.13 Production Rate
	6.3 Continuous Excavators (Bucket Wheel and Chain Diggers)
		6.3.1 Introduction
		6.3.2 Material Transport
		6.3.3 Sizing and Operating a BWE
		6.3.4 Example of BWE Selection
		6.3.5 Estimating BWE Costs
		6.3.6 Selection of Type of Hauling Equipment
		6.3.7 Definition of Payloads
		6.3.8 Cost Estimating
		6.3.9 Ownership Cost Items
		6.3.10 Operating Cost Items
		6.3.11 Development Data for Above
	6.4 Loading and Excavation
		6.4.1 Materials Handling
		6.4.2 Principles of Loading
		6.4.3 Selection of Equipment
	6.5 Haulage and Hoisting
		6.5.1 Principles of Haulage and Hoisting
	References
7 Rock Extraction with Scrapers, Bulldozers and Loaders
	7.1 Technological Parameters of Wheeled Scrapers
	7.2 Mining Rock with Scrapers
		7.2.1 Scraper Capacity
	7.3 Rock Extraction with Bulldozers
		7.3.1 Bulldozer Capacity
	7.4 Technological Fundamentals of Mining Automation
	7.5 Technological Characteristics of Loaders
		7.5.1 Rock Extraction with Loaders
		7.5.2 Loader Capacity
	7.6 Rock Extraction with Single-Bucket Excavators
		7.6.1 Technological Parameters of Power Shovels
	7.7 Working Parameters of Draglines
		7.7.1 Dragline Faces
		7.7.2 Road Width
		7.7.3 Services
		7.7.4 Stockpiles
		7.7.5 Mine Layout
	References
8 Surface Mining Methods and Systems
	8.1 Surface Mining Methods
		8.1.1 Strip Mining
	8.2 Introduction
	8.3 Opening up the Deposit
	8.4 Advance Benching (Side Benching or Chop-Down)
	8.5 Dragline Bucket Size
		8.5.1 Dragline Selection
		8.5.2 Dragline Geometry
	8.6 Introduction to Strip Mine Design
		8.6.1 Major Factors
		8.6.2 Stripping Ratio
	8.7 Terrace Mining (Multi-bench, Lateral Advance)
		8.7.1 Terrace Mining
	8.8 Reclamation
	8.9 Conveyor Advancement
		8.9.1 Bench Conveyors
		8.9.2 Bench Lift Conveyors
		8.9.3 Shuttle Conveyors
	8.10 The Conical Pit Mining
		8.10.1 Introduction
		8.10.2 Design Considerations
	8.11 Classification of Opencast Mining Systems
	8.12 Classification of Mining Systems
		8.12.1 Based on the Direction of Transfer of Overburden and the Method of Stripping Work
	References
Glossary of Terms