Supramolecular Chemistry on Surfaces: 2D Networks and 2D Structures

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Two‐Dimensional Supramolecular Chemistry on Surfaces
Chapter 2 Characterisation and Interpretation of On‐Surface Chemical Reactions Studied by Ultra‐High‐Resolution Scanning Probe Microscopy
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 SPM Under UHV Conditions
		2.2.1 On‐Surface Reactions
		2.2.2 Characterisation of Molecule‐Substrate Systems via STM
		2.2.3 ncAFM
	2.3 Practical Steps in Accomplishing Sub‐Molecular Imaging
		2.3.1 Sample Preparation
			2.3.1.1 Deposition of Organic Molecules at Low Temperature
			2.3.1.2 CO Deposition
			2.3.1.3 Decoupling Layers
		2.3.2 Construction of the qPlus Sensor
		2.3.3 Tip Preparation
			2.3.3.1 Tip Functionalisation
		2.3.4 Practical Considerations for Imaging
			2.3.4.1 Drift and Creep
			2.3.4.2 Amplitude Calibration
			2.3.4.3 Apparent Dissipation and Mechanical Coupling of the Sensor
			2.3.4.4 Crosstalk
			2.3.4.5 Force Inversion
	2.4 Interpretation of Sub‐Molecular Contrast at the Single Bond Level
		2.4.1 Forces in the Tip‐Sample Junction
			2.4.1.1 Non‐site Specific Interactions – The ‘Background’
			2.4.1.2 Local Dispersion Interactions – The ‘Halo’
			2.4.1.3 Pauli Repulsion – The ‘Carbon Backbone’
			2.4.1.4 Chemical Bonding
			2.4.1.5 Local Electrostatic Interactions
		2.4.2 Response of the Probe Particle – Distortions in Imaging
			2.4.2.1 Flexibility of Adsorbed CO
			2.4.2.2 Electrostatics
			2.4.2.3 Chemical Sensitivity
	2.5 Characterising On‐Surface Reactions with ncAFM
		2.5.1 Practical Considerations for Characterising On‐Surface Reactions
		2.5.2 Synthesis and Characterisation of Graphene Based Nanostructures
		2.5.3 Studying the Evolution of On‐Surface Reaction
	2.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 3 Complexity in Two‐Dimensional Multicomponent Assembly
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Two‐Component Self‐Assembled Systems
		3.2.1 Two‐Component Systems: Host–Guest Architectures
			3.2.1.1 Host Networks from Intrinsically Porous Building Blocks
			3.2.1.2 Host Networks from Self‐Assembly of Building Blocks
			3.2.1.3 Two‐Component Systems: Host–Guest Architectures Based on Surface‐Confined Two‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks (2D‐sCOFs)
		3.2.2 Two‐Component Systems: Non‐Host–Guest Architectures
	3.3 Three‐Component Systems
		3.3.1 Three‐Component Systems: Two‐Component Host Network + Guest
		3.3.2 Three‐Component Systems: One‐Component Host Network + Two Different Guests
		3.3.3 Three‐Component Systems: Non‐host–Guest Systems
	3.4 Four‐Component Systems
		3.4.1 Four‐Component Systems: Host–Guest Architectures
		3.4.2 Four‐Component Systems: Non‐host–Guest Architectures
	3.5 Summary and Perspectives
	References
Chapter 4 Complexity in Two‐Dimensional Assembly: Using Coordination Bonds
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Asymmetric Linkers
	4.3 Multiple Types of Linkers
	4.4 Multiple‐Level (Hierarchical) Interaction
	4.5 Multiple Binding Modes
	4.6 Summary and Outlook
	References
Chapter 5 Complexity in Two‐Dimensional Assembly: Quasicrystalline Structures
	5.1 History
	5.2 Random Tilings
	5.3 Quasicrystalline Tilings
	References
Chapter 6 Using Self‐Assembly to Control On‐Surface Reactions
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Mediating On‐Surface Reaction Selectivity
	6.3 Mediating On‐Surface Reaction Pathway
	6.4 Mediating On‐Surface Reaction Site
	6.5 Brief Summary and Perspective
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter 7 Covalently Bonded Organic Structures via On‐Surface Synthesis
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Dehalogenation
		7.2.1 Ullmann Coupling
		7.2.2 Sonogashira Coupling
		7.2.3 Heck Reaction
	7.3 Dehydrogenation
		7.3.1 (SP3‐C) Alkane Polymerisation
		7.3.2 (SP2‐C) Aryl and Alkene Cyclodehydrogenation
			7.3.2.1 Aryl–Aryl Dehydrogenation Coupling
			7.3.2.2 Bottom‐Up Fabrication of Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs)
			7.3.2.3 Homo‐Coupling of Terminal Alkene
		7.3.3 (SP1‐C) Alkyne – Glaser Coupling
		7.3.4 Hierarchical Dehydrogenation of XH Bonds (X = N and C)
	7.4 Dehydration Reaction
		7.4.1 Schiff‐Base Reaction
		7.4.2 Imidisation Condensation Reaction
		7.4.3 Boronic Acid Condensation
		7.4.4 Decarboxylative Polymerisation
		7.4.5 Dimerisation and Cyclotrimerisation of Acetyls
	7.5 Other Reactions
		7.5.1 Click Reaction
			7.5.1.1 Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition
			7.5.1.2 Diels–Alder Reaction
		7.5.2 Bergman‐Like Reaction
		7.5.3 N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes Formation and Dimerisation
		7.5.4 σ‐Bond Metathesis
		7.5.5 Diacetylene Polymerisation
	7.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
Chapter 8 Hybrid Organic‐2D TMD Heterointerfaces: Towards Devices Using 2D Materials
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Atomic Structures
		8.2.1 Pristine 2D TMDs
		8.2.2 Organic/2D TMD Interfaces
	8.3 Surface Functionalisation of 2D TMDs by Organics
		8.3.1 Defect Engineering
		8.3.2 Phase Engineering
	8.4 Fundamental Electronic Properties
		8.4.1 Energy Level Alignment
		8.4.2 Interfacial Charge Transfer
		8.4.3 Screening Effect
	8.5 Applications in Devices: Organic‐2D TMD p–n Heterojunctions
	8.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 9 Surface Self‐Assembly of Hydrogen‐Bonded Frameworks
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Carboxylic Acid Supramolecular Synthons
	9.3 Imide‐Melamine Supramolecular Synthons
	9.4 From Hydrogen‐bonding Synthons to Covalently‐organic Frameworks
	9.5 Heteromolecular Hydrogen‐bonding Synthons
	9.6 Conclusions
	References
Index
EULA