Supportive Oncology: (Expert Consult - Online and Print)

0......Page 1
Front matter......Page 2
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Contributors......Page 6
Foreword......Page 11
Preface......Page 12
Definition......Page 13
Risk Factors Associated with the medical staff......Page 14
Flare reaction......Page 15
Cisplatinum......Page 16
Other Pharmaceutical Interventions......Page 17
Open questions......Page 18
References......Page 19
Types and Mechanisms of Allergic Reactions......Page 21
Cytotoxic Chemotherapy......Page 22
Diagnosis of Systemic Allergic Reactions to Chemotherapy......Page 23
Acute Management......Page 24
References......Page 25
Prophylaxis and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting......Page 27
Neurotransmitters......Page 28
5-Ht3 Serotonin Receptor Antagonists (5-Ht3-Ras)......Page 29
Neurokinin-1-Receptor Antagonists (Nk-1-Ras)......Page 30
Antihistamines......Page 31
Low and minimally emetogenic chemotherapy......Page 32
Brief Summary: Practical Treatment Approach......Page 33
References......Page 34
Risk Groups......Page 35
Unexplained fever......Page 36
Microbiologically documented/defined infection with/without bacteremia......Page 37
Therapeutic Concepts......Page 38
Treatment of intermediate- and \nhigh-risk patients......Page 39
Additional Treatment Options......Page 40
References......Page 44
Radiotherapy-induced adverse events......Page 45
Individual Radiosensitivity......Page 46
Pathophysiology......Page 47
Hypopituitarism......Page 48
Symptoms and Management......Page 49
Symptoms and Management......Page 50
Female Sexual Function......Page 51
References......Page 52
Mechanism of Renal Injury......Page 55
Treatment Strategies......Page 57
Lenalidomide......Page 58
References......Page 59
Chemotherapy Regimens......Page 60
5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin......Page 61
Irinotecan......Page 62
Bevacizumab......Page 63
Cetuximab......Page 64
References......Page 65
Platinum Compounds......Page 67
Oxaliplatin......Page 68
Methotrexate......Page 69
Docetaxel......Page 70
Identification of High-Risk Patients......Page 71
Calcium and Magnesium......Page 72
Glutathione......Page 73
Vitamin E......Page 74
References......Page 75
Management of cardiac and pulmonary treatment–related side effects......Page 78
Supportive Oncology Care......Page 79
Heart Failure......Page 80
Imatinib......Page 82
Treatment......Page 83
Fluorouracil (5-Fu)......Page 84
Interleukin......Page 85
Bevacizumab......Page 86
Arterial and Venous Thromboembolism......Page 87
Cisplatin......Page 88
VTE prevention......Page 89
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (Hdacs)......Page 90
Arsenic trioxide......Page 91
Radiation-Induced Cardiotoxicity......Page 92
Coronary Artery Disease......Page 93
Diagnosis......Page 94
Heart failure......Page 95
Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity (Pt)......Page 96
Supportive Oncology......Page 97
Acute Lung Injury......Page 98
Diagnosis......Page 99
References......Page 100
Males......Page 106
Chemotherapy......Page 107
Radiotherapy......Page 108
Radiotherapy......Page 109
Females......Page 110
References......Page 111
Clinical and Economic Impact......Page 113
Definition......Page 114
Incidence of oral and oropharyngeal mucositis in patients receiving head and neck radiation with or without concurrent chem .........Page 115
Incidence of oral and gastrointestinal mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)......Page 116
Pathobiology......Page 118
Treatment of Mucositis......Page 120
Future Directions for Mucositis Research and Clinical Translation......Page 123
References......Page 124
Papulopustular (Acneiform) Rash......Page 126
Stevens Johnson Syndrome \rand Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis......Page 129
Onycholysis......Page 130
References......Page 131
Cancer pain......Page 132
N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors......Page 133
Opioids......Page 134
Neuropathic Pain......Page 135
Pain Assessment......Page 136
Liver Metastases......Page 137
Opioid Titration......Page 138
Opioid Route Conversion......Page 139
Adjuvant Analgesics......Page 141
Radioisotopes......Page 142
References......Page 143
Cancer-related fatigue......Page 146
Subjective Perception And Impact on Functioning......Page 147
Underlying Mechanisms......Page 148
Provider Assessment......Page 149
General Treatment Principles \nFor The Provider......Page 150
Comorbidity-related patient/family education......Page 151
Exercise barriers......Page 152
Nutrition......Page 153
Symptom Clusters......Page 154
Provider Assessment......Page 155
Sleep-Related Treatment......Page 156
References......Page 157
Cancer anorexia and cachexia......Page 160
Mechanisms of Cancer \rAnorexia-Cachexia Syndrome......Page 161
Implications in advanced cancer......Page 162
Skeletal Muscle Loss......Page 164
Nutritional Assessment......Page 166
Validated nutrition assessment tools......Page 167
Barriers to nutritional intake......Page 168
Anorexia......Page 169
Is There a Role for Enteral \ror Parenteral Nutrition?......Page 170
References......Page 171
Magnitude And Severity of Dyspnea......Page 174
Assessing Dyspnea......Page 175
Medical Gases......Page 176
Pharmacologic Interventions......Page 177
Current Evidence-Based Therapeutic Options......Page 178
References......Page 179
Diagnosis......Page 181
Feeding tubes......Page 182
Esophageal stents......Page 183
References......Page 185
Diagnosis......Page 187
Intestinal Fluid Handling......Page 189
Causes of Constipation......Page 190
Factors Associated With The Illness But Not Directly Due to It......Page 191
Softening Laxatives......Page 192
Conclusion......Page 194
References......Page 195
Longitudinal studies......Page 197
Objective Measures......Page 198
Predisposing Factors......Page 199
Precipitating Factors......Page 200
Perpetuating Factors......Page 201
Sleep apnea syndromes......Page 202
Efficacy......Page 203
Insomnia comorbid with cancer......Page 204
Sleep Restriction......Page 205
Cognitive Restructuring......Page 206
Conclusion......Page 207
References......Page 208
Classification of Itch......Page 210
Epidemiology of Itch In Malignant Diseases......Page 211
Dry Skin (Xerosis)......Page 212
Serotonin receptor antagonists......Page 213
Neuropathic Itch......Page 214
Drug-Induced Itch......Page 215
Pruritus induced by systemic opioids......Page 216
References......Page 217
Prevalence......Page 221
History and physical examination......Page 223
Differential diagnosis......Page 224
Static Compression......Page 225
Combination Nonoperative Therapy......Page 226
Microsurgery......Page 227
Charles procedure......Page 228
References......Page 229
Prevalence......Page 231
Pathophysiology......Page 232
Newer antidepressants......Page 233
Paroxetine......Page 234
Gabapentin......Page 235
Vitamin E......Page 236
Acupuncture......Page 237
Physical Measures......Page 238
References......Page 239
Symptoms Of Salivary Gland Hypofunction......Page 242
Clinical Examination......Page 243
Strategies to reduce radiation injury \nto salivary gland tissue......Page 245
Pilocarpine During Radiotherapy......Page 246
Stimulation Of Residual Function......Page 247
Insufficient effect of stimulation......Page 248
Epilogue......Page 249
References......Page 250
Bone Metastases......Page 253
Treatment With Bisphosphonates......Page 254
Bisphosphonates for anti-osteolytic treatment of bone metastases......Page 255
Acute Phase Reaction and Gastrointestinal Side Effects......Page 258
Research on Prevention of Skeletal Metastases......Page 259
Development of Antibodies Against Rankl......Page 261
Dose-Finding Studies with Denosumab in Oncology......Page 262
Denosumab in the treatment of breast cancer with skeletal metastasis......Page 263
Denosumab for the treatment of bone metastases from prostate cancer......Page 264
References......Page 265
Definitions of Nausea and Vomiting in Advanced Cancer......Page 267
Causes of Nausea And Vomiting  in Patients With Cancer......Page 268
Outcomes of Comprehensive Nausea Assessment......Page 269
Approaches to the Pharmacologic Treatment of Nausea In Patients with Cancer......Page 270
Evidence For Efficacy of Prokinetics In Chronic Nausea of Advanced Cancer......Page 272
Pharmacology......Page 273
Pharmacology of the D2 Antagonists......Page 274
Corticosteroids......Page 275
Novel Prokinetic Agents......Page 276
Draining percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes......Page 277
Gastric electrical stimulation......Page 278
References......Page 279
Pathophysiology......Page 283
Role of Microparticles......Page 284
Treatment-Dependent Risk Factors......Page 285
Risk Assessment......Page 286
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins......Page 287
Initial Treatment......Page 288
Anticoagulation In Thrombopenic Patients......Page 289
References......Page 290
Neuromuscular complications......Page 292
Brachial plexopathy......Page 293
Surgery Related Neuropathy......Page 294
Cisplatin And Carboplatin......Page 295
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS)......Page 296
Neuromyotonia (Isaac\'s Syndrome)......Page 297
Vasculitic Neuropathy......Page 298
References......Page 299
Complications of bone metastases—long bone fractures, spinal cord compression, vertebral augmentation......Page 301
Pathophysiology......Page 302
Long Bone and Acetabular Fractures......Page 303
Impending Fractures of Long Bones......Page 304
Radiotherapy......Page 305
Vertebral Augmentation......Page 306
Stereotactic Spinal Radiotherapy......Page 308
Complications of Vertebral Metastases—Spinal Cord Compression......Page 309
Radiotherapy......Page 310
Combined Radiotherapy and Surgery......Page 311
Radiotherapy Dose Fractionation for Spinal Cord Compression......Page 312
Predicting Outcomes In Patients With Spinal Cord Compression......Page 313
References......Page 315
Chemotherapy-Related Lung Toxicity......Page 318
Bleomycin......Page 319
Nitrosoureas And Alkylators......Page 320
Epidemiology......Page 321
Etiology......Page 322
Chest X-ray......Page 323
Endoscopy......Page 324
Management......Page 325
Electrocautery......Page 327
Photodynamic Therapy......Page 328
Airway Stents......Page 329
Radiation-Induced Lung Injury......Page 331
References......Page 332
Malignant bowel obstruction......Page 335
Pathophysiology......Page 336
Clinical Manifestations......Page 337
Investigations......Page 338
Conservative (Best Supportive Care)......Page 339
Nutritional considerations......Page 340
Octreotide......Page 342
Interventional Procedures......Page 343
Colorectal Stents......Page 344
Cecostomy Tubes......Page 345
Surgical Procedures......Page 346
Further Research......Page 347
References......Page 348
Management of malignant wounds and pressure ulcers......Page 351
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology......Page 352
Management......Page 355
Pain......Page 356
Prognosis......Page 357
Prevention......Page 358
Management......Page 359
References......Page 360
Clinical Manifestations......Page 363
Diagnostic Criteria......Page 364
Indwelling catheter......Page 365
Clinical Manifestations......Page 366
Surgical approaches......Page 367
References......Page 368
Prevalence and Pathophysiology......Page 371
Diagnosis......Page 372
Intraperitoneal Radiotherapy......Page 373
Therapeutic Paracentesis......Page 374
Management of Symptomatic Malignant Ascites......Page 375
References......Page 377
Mechanical Complications......Page 378
Thrombotic Complications......Page 379
Pathogens......Page 380
Management......Page 381
References......Page 382
Esophageal Cancer......Page 384
Gastric Outlet Obstruction......Page 385
Distal Obstruction......Page 386
Echoendoscopically Guided Hepaticogastrostomy for Biliary Drainage......Page 387
Colorectal Obstruction......Page 388
References......Page 389
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome......Page 391
Lung Cancer......Page 392
Cytoreduction......Page 393
Gastrointestinal Obstruction: Enteral Stent Placement......Page 395
Genitourinary Hemorrhage......Page 396
References......Page 397
Palliative Surgery Defined......Page 399
Principles and Patient Assessment for Palliative Surgery......Page 400
Measurement of Surgical Outcomes and Palliative Surgery......Page 402
Future of Outcomes Assessment in Palliative Surgery......Page 404
Summary......Page 405
References......Page 406
Setting the Stage......Page 407
How to Determine When Someone  is Entering the Last Few Days of Life......Page 408
Reviewing Medications......Page 409
Respiratory Symptoms......Page 410
Seizures......Page 411
Sedation at the End of Life......Page 412
References......Page 413
Rehabilitation Team......Page 414
Basic Rehabilitation Principles......Page 415
Neuromuscular Complications of Cancer......Page 416
Lymphedema......Page 418
Pain......Page 419
Radiation-Related Injuries......Page 420
References......Page 421
Exercise interventionsin supportive oncology......Page 422
Effects of Physical Activity on Supportive Care Outcomes......Page 423
Colorectal Cancer......Page 425
Lung Cancer......Page 426
Disease Endpoints......Page 428
Summary/Clinical Implications......Page 429
PA Determinants......Page 430
Determinants of PA Adherence......Page 431
Behavior Change Interventions......Page 432
Future Directions......Page 433
References......Page 434
Late effects of chemotherapy and radiation......Page 437
Pathogenesis of Late Complications of Oncologic Treatment......Page 438
Time Course and Documentation......Page 439
Liver......Page 440
Respiratory Tract......Page 441
Biology-Based Prophylactic or Therapeutic Approaches......Page 442
Modulation of Angiotensin......Page 443
References......Page 444
Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis......Page 446
Tumor and Tumor Treatment–Induced Osteoporosis......Page 447
Anastrozole......Page 448
Letrozole......Page 449
Prophylaxis and Treatment With Bisphosphonates......Page 450
Who Should be Treated With Medication?......Page 451
Treatment of Tti Osteoporosis With Denosumab......Page 452
References......Page 454
Incidence of Cognitive Impairment......Page 456
Self-Reported Cognitive Function......Page 457
Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment......Page 458
Imaging and Electrophysiologic Studies......Page 459
Hormone Therapy......Page 460
Interventions for Cognitive Impairment After Cancer Treatment......Page 461
References......Page 462
Incidence in Adult Survivors......Page 464
Incidence in Childhood Survivors......Page 465
Influence of Gender at Irradiation......Page 466
Cancer Syndromes......Page 467
Survivorship Clinics......Page 468
References......Page 469
Complementary therapies in supportive oncology......Page 472
Background......Page 473
Background......Page 474
Background......Page 475
Definition......Page 476
References......Page 477
Prognostication Defined......Page 479
Accuracy of CPS......Page 480
Prediction Factors......Page 481
Delirium......Page 482
Palliative Prognostic (PaP) Score......Page 483
Palliative Prognostic Index (PPI)......Page 484
Predictive Model for Outpatient Survival in a Palliative Radiotherapy Clinic......Page 485
Communicating Prognosis......Page 488
References......Page 489
Blaming The Messenger......Page 492
Dealing With Hope......Page 493
Ethics and Medical Politics of Truth Telling......Page 494
Spikes Strategy for Breaking Bad News: “Before you Tell, Ask”......Page 495
References......Page 499
Assessing decision-making capacity......Page 500
Triggers for Assessing Decision-Making Capacity......Page 501
Responsibility for Assessing Decision-Making Capacity......Page 502
Standardized Tools for Assessing Cognitive Function......Page 503
Decision Making for Patients Lacking Decision-Making Capacity......Page 504
References......Page 505
Discussion of treatment options in supportive oncology......Page 507
Steps to Reaching a Treatment Decision in Cancer Care......Page 508
Shared Decision Making......Page 509
The benefits of sharing treatment decisions......Page 510
Information preferences......Page 511
Patient factors......Page 512
Tools to monitor patient involvement......Page 513
Do Cancer Doctors Support an Sdm Approach When Discussing Treatment Options?......Page 514
Question prompt lists......Page 515
Consultation planning/coaching......Page 516
References......Page 517
Advance Directives......Page 520
Overcoming Barriers to the Completion of Advance Directives......Page 521
Code Status......Page 522
Treatment Transitions and Goals of Care......Page 523
Supporting Hope......Page 525
References......Page 526
Spirituality: Definition and Discourse......Page 528
Spiritual Assessment......Page 529
Spiritual Care Interventions......Page 530
Providing Spiritual Care: Individual, Team, and Institutional Implications......Page 531
References......Page 532
Continuum of Distress: From “Normal” to Disorder......Page 533
Panic Disorder and Specific Phobias......Page 534
Trajectory of Distress Response......Page 535
Risk and Resilience Factors......Page 537
Assessment......Page 538
Distress screening......Page 539
Psychological interventions......Page 540
Novel Antidepressants......Page 541
Generalized Anxiety Disorder......Page 542
References......Page 543
Prevalence......Page 546
Clinical Features......Page 547
Subtypes of Delirium......Page 548
Experience of Delirium for Patients, Family Members, Clinicians, and Staff......Page 549
Differential Diagnosis......Page 550
Causes and Reversibility of Delirium......Page 551
Antipsychotic medications......Page 553
Contribution of Delirium  to Prognosis......Page 555
Prevention of Delirium......Page 556
References......Page 557
Patient Issues, Concerns, Diagnoses......Page 560
Supportive-expressive group therapy......Page 562
Interpersonal Psychotherapy......Page 563
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy......Page 564
Meaning-Centered Therapy......Page 565
Couples Therapy......Page 566
Collaborative Team Care Models of Support......Page 567
Calm Therapy......Page 568
Effectiveness of Counseling and Applied Psychotherapies in Supportive Care......Page 569
References......Page 570
Prevalence......Page 572
Physical Dependence......Page 573
Aberrant drug-related behaviors \nin medically ill populations......Page 574
Cancer Pain Patients......Page 575
Assessment......Page 576
Psychotherapeutic Approach......Page 577
References......Page 578
Occupational Stress Among Oncology Health Care Professionals......Page 580
Control......Page 581
Values......Page 582
Moral Distress......Page 583
Compassion Satisfaction......Page 584
Vitality, the Transformative Power of Positive Emotion, and Resilience......Page 585
Religion and Spirituality......Page 587
Interventions to Support Physical, Psychosocial, and Emotional Well-Being in the Professional Caregiver......Page 588
Self-Awareness as a Mechanism for Enhancing Self-Care......Page 589
Conclusion......Page 590
References......Page 591
Sexuality and intimacy after cancer......Page 595
Conceptual Framework for Understanding Sexuality and Intimacy After Cancer......Page 596
Prevalence and Predictors of Sexual Difficulties After Cancer......Page 603
How to Take a Sexual History  From Patients and Their Partners......Page 604
Laboratory and Other Testing......Page 606
Interventions to Optimize Emotional and Physical Intimacy......Page 607
Education, Counseling, and Lifestyle Change Interventions......Page 608
Female Cancer Survivors......Page 611
Male Cancer Survivors......Page 612
Male Cancer Survivors......Page 613
Prostaglandin E1 Agonists......Page 614
Investigational medications \rthat show additional promise......Page 615
Genital Surgeries to Improve Sexual Function......Page 616
References......Page 617
For Referral to a Certified Sex Therapist......Page 621
Scope of the Problem......Page 622
Attitudes of Cancer Health Care Providers......Page 623
Chemotherapies......Page 624
Sperm cryopreservation......Page 625
Embryo cryopreservation......Page 626
References......Page 627
Bereavement care......Page 629
Theories of Grief and Bereavement......Page 630
Grief Around the Time of Death......Page 631
Acute Grief Following the Death......Page 632
Prolonged Grief Disorder......Page 633
Sudden Death......Page 634
Supportive counseling......Page 635
Cognitive-behavioral therapy......Page 636
Conclusions......Page 637
References......Page 638
A......Page 640
B......Page 641
C......Page 642
E......Page 646
F......Page 647
H......Page 648
I......Page 649
L......Page 650
M......Page 651
N......Page 652
P......Page 653
R......Page 655
S......Page 656
U......Page 658
X......Page 659
Z......Page 660