Sudden cardiac death predictors, prevalence and clinical perspectives

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Arrhythmogenic Syndromes Associated  with Sudden Cardiac Death
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Channelopathies
		Brugada Syndrome
		Long QT Syndrome
		Short QT Syndrome
		Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2
Early Repolarization
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Historical Background
	Cellular Background
	Genetic Background
	Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
	Risk Stratification
		ER in the Athletes
	Therapy
		Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy
		Pacemaker Therapy
		Radiofrequency Ablation Therapy
		Pharmacologic Therapy
	Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
Chapter 3
Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes:  Reasons and Prevention
	Abstract
	Introduction
	The Epidemiology of SCD in Sport
	SCD and Types of Sports
	Сommotio Cordis
	Gender and Age of the Victims
	Circumstances of SCD and Prodromal Symptoms
	Causes of SCD
	Ethnic Differences
	SCD Prevention in Athletes
	References
Chapter 4
Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes:  Epidemiology, Etiology, and Essentials
	Abstract
	Introduction
	The Concept of SCD
	The Legend of SCD in Athletes
	Epidemiology of SCD in Athletes
	Etiology (Common Causes) of SCD in Athletes
	Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
	Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia
	Coronary Artery Disease
	Athlete’s Heart
	Ergogenic aids or Performance-Enhancing Substances
	Screening Challenges
	Summary
	References
Chapter 5
Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients  with Congenital Heart Disease
	Abstract
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
		Incidence and Prevalence of Congenital Heart Disease
		Life Expectancy and Quality of Life of CHD Patients
		Other Causes of Death among CHD Patients
		Incidence and Risk Factors of Sudden Cardiac Death
			Early Postoperative (Sudden) Death
			Congenital Coronary Artery Anomalies
		Surgical Intervention in Coronary Artery Anomalies
			Arrhythmic Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death
			Supraventricular Tachycardias
			Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias
		Cardiac Surgery and Arrhythmias
			Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
		ICD Indications
		Outcomes of ICD Implantations
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6
Sudden Cardiac Death in Women
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Epıdemıology
	Pathophysiology
	Risk Factors
		Diet and Exercise Factors
		Psychosocial Risk Factors
		Genetic Factors
	Management and Treatment Strategies
		CRT Treatment
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7
New Advances in Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) Risk Stratification in  Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Current State-of-the-Art SCD Risk Stratification in HCM
	USA Perspective
	The European Perspective
	SCD Risk Factors
		1. Prior Personal History of Resuscitated Cardiac Arrest
		2. Age
		3. Family History of SCD
		4. Unexplained Syncope
		5. LV Outflow Tract (LVOT) Obstruction
		6. Maximal LV Wall Thickness
		7. Left Atrial (LA) Diameter
		8. NSVT
		9. Abnormal Blood Pressure Response to Exercise
	New Modifying Risk Factors and New-Arbitrators
		1. LV Apical Aneurysm
		2. Multiple Sarcomere Gene Mutations
		3. Myocardial Fibrosis (MF)
		4. ES-HCM
	Key Messages
	Future Perspectives
		1. Research on Myocardial Fibrosis
		2. Research on Myocardial Ischemia and Microvascular Dysfunction
		3. Research on Genetics
	References
Chapter 8
Chagas Cardiomyopathy as One of  the Leading Causes of Sudden Cardiac  Death in the Hispanic Population
	Abstract
	Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)
		Signs and Symptoms
		Epidemiology of Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) in Latin America
		History of Chagas Disease in Latin America: A Brief Summary
		Chagas Disease in Our Days
		Chagas Disease in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective
		Chagas Disease as a Neglected Tropical Disease in Latin America
	Pathogenesis of Chagas Cardiomyopathy
		Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiac Electromechanical Remodeling  during Chagas Disease
		Role of the Inflammatory Response in the Severity of the Myocarditis  and Heart Contractility during Chagas Disease
		Cardiac Electric Remodeling during Chagas Disease
		The Inflammatory Response in the Heart during the Chronic Phase as  a Therapeutic Target for Chagas Disease: Paradigm of TNF
		Anti-TNF Therapy in Chagas Cardiomyopathy
	Clinical Manifestations of Chagas Disease
		Acute Phase
		Chronic Indeterminate Form
		Chronic Determinate Forms
		Chronic Cardiomyopathy
		Cardiac Involvement
		Cardiac Parasympathetic Neuronal Depopulation
		Immune-Mediated Myocardial Injury
		Parasite Persistence in Cardiac Tissue with Secondary Antigenic Stimulation
		Coronary Microvascular Abnormalities
		Histopathology of Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy
	Role of Imaging Studies in Chagas Cardiomyopathy
	Role of Cardiac Biomarkers in Chagas Cardiomyopathy
		Chagasic Ventricular Arrhythmia
	Sudden Cardiac Death in Chagas Disease
		Identification of Chagasic Population at Risk
		Information Derived from Secondary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Observational Studies in Chagas Disease
		Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death in Chagas Disease:  The CHAGASICS Study (Amiodarone against ICD Therapy in Chagas Cardiomyopathy for Primary Prevention of Death)
	Diagnosis of Chagas Disease in a Nutshell
	Treatment of Chagas Cardiomyopathy
		Pharmacology Treatment
		New Treatment Development
		Indications for Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation  in Chagas Disease
		Catheter Ablation of Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia  in Chagasic Cardiomyopathy
		Epicardial Ablation of Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Chagas Heart Disease
		Clinical Course After CDI Implantation in Chagas Cardiomyopathy
	Prognosis of Chagas Cardiomyopathy
	References
Chapter 9
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for Risk Stratification of Sudden Cardiac Death
	Abstract
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
	CMR For Risk Stratification in Primary  Prevention of SCD
	Risk Stratification for Primary Prevention of SCD in  the Early Phase After AMI
	Risk Stratification for Secondary Prevention of SCD
	Gaps in Evidence and Future Perspectives
	Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathies
		Dilated Cardiomyopathy
		Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
		Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia
		Sarcoidosis
		Iron Overload Cardiomyopathy
		Cardiac Amyloidosis
	References
Chapter 10
Cancer Treatment and the Risk of  Sudden Cardiac Death
	Abstract
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Definition of the SCD
	Causes of SCD in Cancer Patients  (Di Maio 1980) (Inagaki 1974)
	Classification of Cardiac Toxicity Causing SCD  (Di Maio 1980) (Inagaki 1974) (Kufe DW)
		1. Toxicity Causing a Direct SCD (i.e Arrhythmias)
		2. Toxicity Ending into SCD (i.e CHD, Heart Failure, Etc.)
	Chemotherapy and Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)
		1. Angina
		2. Acute Coronary Syndrome (MI)
		3. Congestive Heart Failure
		4. Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism
		5. Arrhythmias
	The Main Drugs Used to Treat Cancer and Cause Sudden Cardiac Death
		1. Anthracyclines
		2. Cyclophosphamides (ESC CPG Position Paper 2016)
		3. Fluoropyrimidines
		4. Cytokines and Monoclonal Antibodies
		5. Inhibitors of Microtubule Polymerization
		6. Novel Cancer Therapies
			A. Radiotherapy and Sudden Cardiac Death
	Arrhythmias and Cardiotoxicity
	Types of Arrhythmias in Cancer Treated Patients
	The Main Arrhythmogenic Cancer Drugs
	Usual Treatment of Secondary Arrhythmias
	Supra Ventricular Arrhythmias (SV)
	Ventricular Arrhythmias
	Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) and Cancer Therapy
	Acute TLS
	Chemotherapy Drugs That May Cause Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)
	Radiotherapy and TLS: (Mirrakhimov 2015)
	Management of TLS
	Pericardial Tamponade and Cancer Drugs
	Acute Hemorrhage and Cancer Drugs
	Pulmonary-Embolism (PE) and Cancer Drugs
	QTC - Interval Prolongation and Cancer Drugs
	Cardiomyopathy and Cancer Medications
	Coronary Artery Disease
	Atrial Fibrillation and Cancer Drugs as a Risk For Sudden Cardiac Death
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11
The Role of Novel Echocardiographic Techniques for Primary Prevention  of Sudden Cardiac Death
	Abstract
	Introduction
	New Predictors for Improving SCD Risk Stratification
	New Echocardiographic Techniques  for SCD Risk Stratification
	Three-Dimensional Ejection Fraction
	Applying Strain Imaging to Improve Risk Stratification
	Ischemic Heart Disease
	Dilated Cardiomyopathy
	Other Cardiomyopathies
		Long QT Syndrome
		Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
		Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
		Chagas Cardiomyopathy
	Limitations of Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
	Implementing Strain and Mechanical Dispersion  into Clinical Practice
	Conclusion
	References
Editor’s Contact Information
Index
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