Success in Practical/Vocational Nursing

Front Cover
Success in Practical/Vocational Nursing: From Student to Leader
Copyright Page
Acknowledgments
Reviewers
LPN Threads and Advisory Board
Preface
Contents
I. RESOURCES
	1 Personal Resources of an Adult Learner
		The Adult Learner and Resource Management
		Formal and Informal Educational Experiences
		Geared for Success
		Potential Hidden Dangers to Avoid
			Hidden Danger Shared by all Adult Learners
			Empowerment
			Dangers for the Traditional Adult Learner
			Dangers for the Nontraditional Learner
		Special Challenges for Practical/Vocational Nursing Students
		Strengths of all Adult Learners
		Learners Have Rights
		Responsibilities of Learners
			Teaching Versus Learning
			Role of Evaluation
			Dealing With Referrals
			Other Responsibilities of Learners
	2 Academic Resources (Study Skills and Test Strategies)
		Brain Dominance
			Right and Left Sides of the Cerebrum
			Right-Brain-Dominant Individuals
			Left-Brain-Dominant Individuals
		Thinking Preference
		Learning Preferences
			Perceptual Learning Preferences
			Perceptual Learning Preference
		Categories of Multiple Intelligences
		Identifying and Using the Intelligences
			Linguistic Learner (The Word Player)
			Logical/Mathematical Learner (The Questioner)
			Visual/Spatial Learner (The Visualizer)
			Musical Learner (The Music Lover)
			Bodily/Kinesthetic Learner (The Mover)
			Interpersonal Learner (The Socializer)
			Intrapersonal Learner (The Individual)
		How We Learn
			Mapping (Concept Map)
			Visual Strategies To Enhance Understanding
		Undependable Memory and Learning System
			Possible Behaviors
			Some Suggestions for the Student With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Although They Can Help All Learners!)
		More Barriers to Learning
			Inability to Understand (Comprehend) Content
		Putting It all Together
		General Hints for Learners
			Concentration
			Listening/Viewing
		How to Understand (Comprehend) Information
			Reading Assignments
		Remembering and Forgetting
			From Temporary to Permanent Memory by Way of A Neural Trace
			Memory Aids
		Successful Test Taking
			Preparing for the Test
			Taking the Test
			Reviewing Your Tests
			Reducing Anxiety Before Testing
			Hints for Specific Questions
		Beyond the Basics of Study Skills
		Your School's Learning Resource Center
			Different Student Skill Levels and Different Resources of the Learning Resource Center
			Where to Start
			Locating In-House Resources
			Responsible Use of Learning Strategies
			Technology Use During Learning Activities
		Other Learning Resources
			Syllabus and Course Outlines
			Study Groups
			Tutoring
			Nursing Skills/Simulation Lab
			Study Skills Lab
			Audiovisual Materials
			Internet
			Mobile Devices
			Computer-Aided Instruction
			Guest Speakers
	3 Community Resources
		What Types of Community Resources Exist?
			Information and Referral Agencies
			Housing and Shelter Programs
			Financial and Legal Assistance Programs
			Health and Medical Services
			Food Programs
			Transportation Programs
			Employment/Educational/Training Programs
		Beyond Community Resources
			Federal Financial Aid Resources
				Nursing Organizations
				Social Media (Electronic Media) And Social Networking
				Internet Academic Resources
II. BUILDING BLOCKS FOR YOUR CAREER
	4 How Practical/Vocational Nursing Evolved: 1836 to the Present
		Modern Practical Nurses
		First School of Nursing (1836)
		Florence Nightingale (1820–1910)
			Crimean War 1853 To 1865
			Mary Seacole; Honored for Her Work
			Death Rate Drops; Nightingale Decorated
			Nightingale Establishes First School of Nursing In England
			Nightingale's Core Belief About Nursing
			Nightingale Museum on the Site of Her School of Nursing
		Early Training Schools in America
			Civil War (1861–1865)
		Formal Training: Practical Nursing
			Nursing in the Home
			From Home to Public Health Nursing
		Twentieth Century
			Mississippi: First to License Practical Nurses
			World War I Nurses 1914 To 1918
			Smith Hughes Act Of 1917
			Nurses Return Home: Acute Nursing Shortage Follows World War I
			Depression of the 1930s
			World War II 1939 To 1945
			Practical Nursing Responsibilities Increase After World War II
			Practical Nursing Duties Outlined
			Registered Nurse and Licensed Practical Nurse Tasks Differentiated
			The Korean Conflict (Also Known As United Nations Police Action or the Second Indochina War) 1950 to 1953
			Registered Nurses React
			Public Law 911
			The Vietnam War 1961 to 1973
		National Black Nurses Association
		Iraq War 2003 to 2011 And The Afghan War 2001 to 2021
		Nurse Leaders in U.S. Government
		American Nurses Association Movement Toward Two Levels of Nursing
		American Medical Association Moves to Ease Nursing Shortage
			Assistive Personnel
			First Computerized Testing: NCLEX-PN®
			Long-Term Care Certification
		Twenty-First Century
		The Covid-19 Pandemic 2020—Present
		You Have Come a Long Way!
	5 Critical Thinking: A Lifelong Journey
		Overview of Critical Thinking
		Ways of Thinking
			Definition of Applied Critical Thinking
		Critical Thinking and Licensed Practical/ Vocational Nursing
		What You Need to Think Critically
		Factors That Influence Critical Thinking
		Additional Factors That Influence Critical Thinking
		Critical Thinking and the NCLEX-PN®
		Making It Work for You
		Where to go From Here
	6 Ethics Applied to Nursing: Personal Versus Professional Ethics
		Description and Scope of Ethics
			Morals and Values
			Comparison of Legal Aspects of Nursing and Ethics
		Nursing Ethics
			Ethical Codes of the National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service and National Association of Licensed Practical Nurses
		Your Personal Code of Ethics
		Roots of Nursing Ethics
			What Changed?
		Ethical Decisions in Health Care
			Ethics Committees
			Western Secular Belief System
		Ethical Responsibilities of Nurses
		Principles of Ethics
			Nonmaleficence (do No Harm)
			Beneficence (do Good)
			Autonomy (free to Choose)
			Fidelity (be True)
			Justice (fair to All)
		Role of Beneficent Paternalism
			Paternalism and Women's Health
	7 Nursing and the Law: What Are the Rules?
		Nurse Practice Act
			Basic Terminology
			Content of Nurse Practice Acts
		State Board of Nursing
			Functions of the Board
			Disciplinary Responsibility of The Board
		Disciplinary Process and Action
			Nursing Licensure
			Working in Other States
			Verification of Licensure
			Assistive Personnel
		Nursing Standard of Care
		How the Law Affects Licensed Practical Nurses and Licensed Vocational Nurses
			Common Law Versus Statutory Law
		Criminal Versus Civil Action
			Intentional Torts
			Unintentional Torts
		Negligence
		Malpractice (professional Negligence)
			Malpractice Insurance for Nurses
			Four Elements Needed to Prove Negligence
		Steps for Bringing Legal Action
			Depositions
			Attorney Procedures
			Giving Testimony
		Liability
			Kinds of Liability
			Common Causes of Nursing Liability
			Responsibility and Accountability in Nursing
			Liability of Student Nurses and Instructors
			Functioning Beyond the Scope of Practice and Experience
		Specific Client Situations
			Privacy and Confidentiality
			Information That Must Be Revealed
			Clients' Rights
			Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
			Client Competency
			Client's Right to Consent
		End-of-life Issues
			Patient Self-determination Act
			Advance Directives
			Do-not-resuscitate Order
			Removal of Life Support Systems
			Physician-assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
			Organ Donation
			End-of-life Care
		Good Samaritan Act
III. RELATIONSHIP-CENTERED CARE
	8 Effective Communication: Health Care Team, Clients, Faculty, and Peers
		Communication Process
			One-way Versus Two-way Communication
			Essential Components of the Communication Process
			Factors That Affect Communication
		Types of Communication
			Verbal Communication
			Nonverbal Communication
			Affective Communication
		Communication Strategies
			Active Listening
			Active Listening Behaviors
			Types of Questions
			Nurse–client Communication Evaluation
		Blocks to Communication
			Avoiding Blocks
			Communication and Body Posture
		Cultural Differences
		Role Changes for The Client
			Nursing Jargon
			Fear of the Unknown
			Personal Factors
			Environmental Factors
		Communicating with Instructors and Staff
			Respect
			Trust
			Honesty
			Empathy
			Sensitivity
			Humor
			Knowledge
			Patience
			Commitment
			Self-esteem, Thoughts, and Straightforward Communication
		Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation
			SBAR for The Shift Report
		Life Span Communication
			Infants
			Preschoolers
			School-age Children
			Teenagers
			Adults
			Generational Differences
			Elders
		Digital Communication
			Electronic Documentation
			E-mail
			Cell Phones and Text Messaging
			Social Media
		Conflict Resolution
	9 Assertiveness: Your Responsibility
		Nonassertive (Passive) Behavior
		Aggressive Behavior
		Assertive Behavior
		Negative Interactions: Using Coping Mechanisms
			Gossip Hurts
		Guidelines for Moving Toward Assertiveness
			The Problem-Solving Process
			Problem-Solving Steps
			Negative Manipulative Interactions
		Aggressiveness And Work-Related Issues
			Assault
			Contributing Factors
			Employee Violence
			Sexual Harassment
		Counseling And Filing Charges
			Lateral Violence
			Academic Incivility
			Insidious Aggression
	10 Cultural Uniqueness, Sensitivity, and Competence
		Definition of Culture
		Characteristics of Culture
		Danger: Ethnocentrism, Prejudice, and Discrimination
			Avoiding False Assumptions
			Think Like an Anthropologist!
			Each Culture and Person is Unique
			Communication
			Space
			Social Organization
			Time
			Environmental Controls
			Biological Variations
		Knowing Yourself
			What Makes You Unique?
			How Many Hats Do You Wear?
		What We Share In Common
		Knowing Others: Cultural Diversity
			Importance of Cultural Diversity
			Learning About Cultural Diversity
			Areas of Cultural Diversity
		Increasing Your Knowledge of Culturally Diverse Groups
			Diversity Profiles of Predominant Cultural Groups in the United States
		Developing Cultural Competence in Health Care Situations
			Identify Your Agency's Cultural Groups
			Modify Your Work Setting
		Care Planning For Culturally Diverse Clients in Your Service Area
		Adapting Plans of Care for Culturally Diverse Clients
	11 Spiritual Needs, Spiritual Caring, and Religious Differences
		Spirituality and Religion
		Spiritual Versus Emotional Dimension
		Importance of Spiritual Care
		Who Needs Spiritual Care?
		Gathering Data for Spiritual Issues
		Meeting The Spiritual Needs of Clients And Their Families
		Pastoral Care Team
		How Clients Meet Spiritual Needs
			Clients' Spiritual Practices
			Religion and the Client
			Value of Rituals and Practices
			The Client and Prayer
			The Religious American
				Religion in the United States and World
				Avoiding False Assumptions and Stereotypes
IV. HEALTH SYSTEM-BASED CARE
	12 The Nursing Process: Your Role
		The Nursing Process: The 1950s
		The Nursing Process: The 1970s To The 1990s
		The Nursing Process: 2000 And Beyond
		What Differentiates the Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse Role From the Registered Nurse Role
		Developing Your Plan of Care for Assigned Clients
		Steps Of The Nursing Process
			Step 1: Data Collection
			Step 2: Planning
			Step 3: Implementation
			Step 4: Evaluation
		Where Are We Now in the Nursing Process?
			Nursing Interventions Classification
			Nursing Outcomes Classification
			Linking North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, Nursing Interventions Classification, and Nursing Outcomes Classification
	13 Nursing Theory, Research, and Evidence-Based Practice
		Nursing Theories
			Rationale for Theories
			Florence Nightingale: The First Nursing Theorist
			Abraham Maslow's Human Needs Theory
			Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory
			Madeline Leininger's Culture Care Theory
			Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory
			Rosenstock's Health Belief Theory
			Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model
			Jean Watson's Theory of Human Care
		Nursing Research
		Evidence-Based Practice
			Background of The Evidence-Based Practice Movement
			How Best Evidence for Practice Guidelines is Determined
			Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing
			Elements of Evidence-Based Practice
			The Nurse's Role
	14 The Interdisciplinary Health Care Team: The Role of the Practical/Vocational Nurse
		Who is Responsible for the Client's Discharge?
			Emergency Care
			The Surgical Experience
			Postanesthesia Care Unit
			Intensive Care: A Time for Close Observation
			Surgical Unit: An Eye to Discharge
			Extended-Care Unit: on the Road to Rehabilitation
			Home Care: Smooth Transition to Previous Family Roles
		Interprofessional Health Care Team
			What is Nursing?
			Nursing's Place on The Health Care Team
		Diversity In Educational Preparation of Nurses
			Registered Nurses
			Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurses
			Student Nurses
			Nursing Assistants
			Assistive Personnel
			Clerk Receptionists (Unit Secretary)
			Unit Managers
		Delivery of Nursing Care in Acute Care Settings
			Total Patient (Client) Care (Case Method)
			Functional Nursing
			Team Nursing
			Primary Nursing
			Nursing Case Management
			Skill Mix
		Client-Centered–Relationship-Centered Care—A Philosophy
		The Hidden Nursing Shortage
	15 Health Care Settings: Continuum of Care
		Public Versus Private Health Care Agencies
			Public Health Care Agencies
			Examples Of Public Health Care Agencies
			Voluntary Health Care Agencies
			Private Health Care Agencies
		Types Of Hospitals
			Community Hospitals
			Federal Or State Government Hospitals (Public Hospitals)
			Teaching And Research Hospitals
			Critical Access Hospitals
		Beyond The Hospital Setting
		Ambulatory Services
			Outpatient Clinics
			Urgent Care Centers
			One-Day Surgical Care Centers
			Free Clinics
		Alternatives To Long-Term Care Facilities
			Community-Based Care
			Institutional Settings
		How The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act Relates To Skilled Nursing Facilities
		Types Of Care
			Long-Term Care Facilities
			What Is Skilled Nursing Care?
			Personal Care
			Other Types Of Facilities/Services
				Rehabilitation Services
				Hospice Care
	16 The Health Care System: Financing, Issues, and Trends
		The United States Health Care System
			Health Care Reform: The Affordable Care Act
		Financing Health Care Costs
			Fee-For-Service
			Capitation
		How Clients Pay for Health Care Services
			Personal Payment
			Private Health Insurance
			Public Health Insurance
			Cost of Health Insurance
			The Uninsured
		Quality, Safety, And Cost of Health Care
			Improving Quality in Health Care
			Improving Quality in Health Care; Payment Methods/Penalties
			Improving Safety in Health Care
			Improving The Cost of Health Care
		Restructuring The Health Care System
			Dealing With Change
V. THE LPN/LVN: YOUR ROLE TODAY AND IN THE FUTURE
	17 Collaboration: Leading and Managing
		Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse as First-Line Leader
			Mission Statements
		The Diverse Role of The Newly Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse
		Expanded Role of Licensed Practical/Licensed Vocational Nursing
			Review the Current Nurse Practice Act of Your State
		Preparing for a Leadership and Management Role
		Difference Between Management and Leadership
		What Kind of Leader are You?
		Leadership Styles
			Benefits And Disadvantages of Leadership Styles
		Using The Leadership Continuum as a Guide
		Core Knowledge And Skills Needed for Leadership
			Understanding Motivation and Human Needs
			Applying Communication Skills as a Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse Leader
			Applying Problem Solving as a Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse Leader
		Team Building
			Stress Management
		Specific Knowledge and Skills Needed for Leadership
			Occupational Skills for First-Line Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse Leaders
			Organizational Skills for First-Line Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse Leaders
			Additional Resources for The Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse to Develop Organizational Occupational and Human Relationship Skills
		Where To Begin? Job Description for Charge Nurse
		How Long Will it Take Me to Prepare to be a Charge Nurse?
			How This Text Can Help You to Prepare for a Future Charge Nurse Position
		A Checklist of Policies, Regulations, And Routines for the Licensed Practical/Licensed Vocational Charge Nurse
			Facility Organization/Legal Aspects
			Federal, State, and Private Agency Regulations
			Personnel Policies
			Records and Unit Routines
			Unit Administration
			Safety Policies
			Housekeeping, Maintenance, and Supplies
			Equipment: How to Use it and Where to Obtain It
			Food Service for Residents
			Nursing Care Procedures/Assisting Health Care Provider
			Medications
			Documentation
			Special Areas
			Miscellaneous
		Collecting Data as a Charge Nurse
			Signs and Symptoms
			The Report That Wasn't
		Common Problems of Licensed Practical/ Licensed Vocational Charge Nurse
			When Nursing Assistants Bring Problems From Home
			Encouraging Personal Responsibility in Nursing Assistants
			Dealing With Demanding/Complaining Families
		Assignment and Delegation
			Checking Your Nurse Practice Act
		General Considerations
			Differences Between Assigning and Delegating
			Why Delegating is Important
			Legal Aspects of Delegating
		Using The Nursing Process as a Guide for Assigning Tasks and Delegating Duties
			Collecting Data
			Planning
			Implementation
			Evaluation
		Putting It all Together
		Reporting at the End of Your Shift
	18 Workforce Trends: How to Find a First Job You Will Love
		Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse Demographics
		Nursing: The Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse as a Door to Many Workforce Options And Life-Long Learning
		Countless Workforce Settings Exist: Finding the Right Fit is a Rewarding Challenge
			Long-Term Care Facilities (Including Subacute Units)
			Assisted Living Facility
			Independent Living Facility
			School-Related Positions
			Home Health Nursing
			Mental Health Nursing
			Military Services
			Hospital Nursing
			Outpatient Clinics, Health Care Providers' Offices, Urgent Care Centers, and Chiropractic Offices
		Operating Room Nursing
			Veterans Health Administration Medical Careers
			Hospice and Palliative Care
			Other Job Opportunities
			Helpful Personal Attributes
		Using Interpersonal Styles to Your Benefit
		Potential References
		Networking Your Way to Success
		Informational Interviews to Create Future Expectations
			Searching for Employment Openings
		References: A Timeless Treasure
		Resumes: The Contributions You Will Make
		Cover Letters: Tailored to Fit the Job You Want
		Answers to Application Questions
		Preparing for the Interview
		Interview Questions and Answers: a Challenging Opportunity
		Making A Lasting Impression
			Personal Hygiene
			Clothing
			Makeup
			Accessories
			Eyewear
			Posture
			Manner
				Habits
			Discussing Pregnancy Issues
			Preemployment Physical Examination, Drug Screening, and Background Checks
				Physical Examination
				Drug Screening
				Background Checks
				After the Interview
			Resignation With Style
			National Council of State Boards of Nursing Transition to Practice Model
			Staying Satisfied at Your Job
			Professional Organizations
				National League for Nursing
				The American Nurses Association
				National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service, Inc
				National Association Of Licensed Practical Nurses
			Continuing Education
				In-Service Training
				Workshops
				Continuing Education Units
				Internet Resources
			Certification Opportunities
				Napnes Certification Programs
				Nalpn Certification Programs
				American Board of Managed Care Nursing Certification in Managed Care
			Registered Nurse Career Pathway
				Mobility
				Registered Nurse Programs; Do LPNs Get Advanced Standing?
	19 Licensure and Regulation: Becoming Licensed and Understanding Your State Nurse Practice Act
		What is the State Nurse Practice Act?
		How Does the Nurse Practice Act Guide/Govern Nursing Practice?
		Variability of The State's Nurse Practice Act Applicable to Licensed Practical Nurse/ Licensed Vocational Nurse Practice
		Applying for a Practical Nursing License or a Temporary Permit
		What is the National Council Licensing Examination for Practical Nursing?
			How the National Council Licensing Examination For Practical Nurses is Kept up to Date
			Core Content
			Types of Test Questions
			Test Framework: Client Needs
			Integration of Nursing Concepts and Processes
		Overview of Application Process
			National Council Licensing Examination for Practical Nurses Process Overview
			Authorization to Test
			Fees and other Important Information
			How to Register (Internet or Telephone)
		National Council Licensing Examination for Practical Nurses Administration in the United States and its Territories
			Examination Security
			During the Test (Source: https:// www.ncsbn.org/candidatebulletin.htm)
			Reporting The Results Of The Examination(Source: https://www.ncsbn.org/ candidatebulletin.htm)
		A Word About National Council Licensing Examination for Practical Nurses Review Books and National Council Licensing Examination for Practical Nurses Preparation Programs
APPENDIX A. ANSWER KEY FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR THE NATIONAL COUNCIL LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR LICENSED PRACTICAL/LICENSED VOCATIONAL NURSES (NCLEX-PN®)
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
INDEX