Studies in the Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Old Testament Text Project

Studies in the Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Old Testament Text Project......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Editor’s Preface......Page 12
Jean-Dominique Barthélemy......Page 16
The Hebrew Old Testament Text Project......Page 18
Biblia Hebraica Quinta......Page 20
Eugene Nida and the United Bible Societies......Page 21
Summaries of CTAT Introductions......Page 27
Abbreviations......Page 30
Part I......Page 34
1. The History of Old Testament Textual Criticism from Its Origins to J. D. Michaelis......Page 35
1. The First Critical Jewish Correctors of the Hebrew Text......Page 36
2. Exegesis by Permutation or Substitution......Page 37
3. Grammatical and Lexicographic Research......Page 38
1. Translation Method......Page 39
2. Distrust of Rabbinic Exegesis and of Vocalization......Page 40
3. Origins of Luther’s Distrust......Page 42
4. How to Correct Corrupt Texts......Page 43
C. Sébastien Châteillon......Page 45
1. Tiberias by J. Buxtorf the Elder......Page 46
2. Arcanum by Louis Cappel......Page 49
B. Cappel's Critica Sacra......Page 52
1. The “Formula Consensus Helvetici"......Page 53
2. J. Morin’s Incriminating Support......Page 55
3. Morin’s Aims......Page 57
4. The Originality of Morin’s Hermeneutic......Page 59
5. Cappel as an Advocate of Facilitating Variants......Page 61
1. Virtual Absence of Hebrew Textual Variants......Page 62
2. Primacy of the Autographs of Moses and the Prophets......Page 63
1. Houbigant’s Work Misrepresented......Page 64
2. A Flawed hut Indispensable Work......Page 65
1. Vocalization......Page 66
2. The Masorah......Page 68
1. The Search for Variants......Page 69
2. Kennicott and the Bodleian Manuscripts......Page 70
3. J. D. Michaelis’s Reservations......Page 71
5. Michaelis’s Growing Skepticism......Page 73
6. The English Spirit of Enterprise......Page 75
7. 1,500,000 Hebrew Readings......Page 76
8. A Businessman's Wiles......Page 77
9. Kennicott as Judged by His Colleague......Page 79
10. Equivocal Obituaries......Page 80
1. A Reclusive Scholar......Page 81
E. From the Eighteenth Century to the Present......Page 83
V. Criticism of the Autographs of Moses and the Prophets......Page 84
2. Isaac de La Peyrère......Page 85
1. A Method for Interpreting Scripture......Page 86
2. The Necessity for a History of Scripture......Page 87
4. Evidence and Uncertainty......Page 89
5. Distorted History Makes the Autographs Inaccessible......Page 90
C. Richard Simon......Page 91
1. The Literary Non-originality of the Old Testament Books......Page 92
2. Richard Simon’s Hermeneutic......Page 97
3. The legacy of Richard Simon: Partly enduring, partly forgotten......Page 112
A. Previous Projects......Page 115
B. The United Bible Societies Project......Page 116
1. Two Extreme Positions......Page 117
2. Kittel’s Aim......Page 118
3. The Committee’s Aim......Page 120
B. Agenda......Page 121
C. Criteria......Page 122
1. The Committee's Position......Page 125
3. Response to the Criticism......Page 126
A. The Interplay of Textual Stabilization and Limited Literary Innovation......Page 130
1. Texts Preserved in Parallel Traditions......Page 131
2. The Chronicler and Textual Alteration of Sources......Page 132
3. Textual Corruption or a Different Redaction?......Page 135
4. Euphemisms......Page 138
1. Canonization as the Recognition of Literature as Sacred......Page 151
2. Canonization as Closing......Page 155
1. Causes of the Divergence of Textual Forms......Page 160
2. Varied Conditions Affecting the Diversity of Textual Forms......Page 161
4. Effects of the Standardization of the Hebrew Text on the Christian Old Testament......Page 162
A. What Hebrew Textual Form Is to Be Restored?......Page 164
2. The Unique Position of M......Page 165
1. The Connection with the Jewish Bible......Page 167
2. The Jewish Bible Was Not Normative for Christians......Page 168
3. Translations and the Hebrew Form......Page 169
1. The Role of Textual Criticism in a Critical Edition of the Hebrew Text......Page 170
2. The Place of Textual Criticism in Translations......Page 171
C. Changes in the Committee’s Views on Textual Criticism......Page 172
D. Three Tasks......Page 174
Part II......Page 176
I. The Committee’s Point of Departure......Page 177
II. The Revised Standard Version (RSV)......Page 179
III. The Bible de Jérusalem (BJ)......Page 182
IV. The Revised Luther Bible (RL)......Page 184
V. The New English Bible (NEB)......Page 185
VI. Traduction OEcuménique de la Bible (TOB)......Page 188
VII. The Critique of Textual Criticism......Page 191
2. Origins of the Corrections......Page 193
A. Translator and Reviser......Page 194
1. Isaiah......Page 195
2. Jeremiah and Lamentations......Page 197
C. The Sources for the 1540-1541 Revision......Page 201
A. Antonio Brucioli......Page 202
1. Olivétan and the Serrières Bible......Page 204
2. The Lyonnaise Bible of Philibert Rollet......Page 206
I. Robert Stephanus, Bible Editor......Page 208
A. The First Critical Edition of the Vulgate......Page 209
C. The 1540 Bible: The First Critical Apparatus......Page 210
D. The 1545 Nompareille......Page 211
E. Struggle and Exile......Page 212
A. Official Documents concerning the 1586 Edition......Page 214
B. Parisian and Spanish Censures......Page 215
C. Failure of a First Reedition in 1555......Page 216
D. The Trial of Three of the Revisers......Page 217
E. The New Publishers......Page 219
F. The Inquisition’s Correction of the 1584 Vatable Bible......Page 221
G. Conflicting versus Different Interpretations......Page 222
H. The General Censure......Page 224
3. Robert Stephanus’s French Bible (continued)......Page 225
4. The Benoist Bible......Page 226
5. The Louvain Bible......Page 228
6. The Châteillon Bible......Page 232
1. The Coverdale Bible......Page 240
2. Thomas Matthew’s Bible and the Great Bible......Page 241
3. The Geneva Bible (Ge)......Page 242
4. The King James Version (KJV)......Page 246
D. The Bible of the Pastors and Professors of the Geneva Church......Page 250
C. Role of the Latin Translations......Page 252
D. Robert Stephanus’s Role......Page 254
E. The Bibles and the Authorities......Page 255
F. The Debate over Reading Aids......Page 256
Conclusion......Page 257
Part III......Page 260
Preliminary Methodological Discussion......Page 261
B. Holy Scriptures and Canonical Scriptures......Page 262
1. Consonantal Standardization......Page 263
3. Putting the Qere and the Masorah into Writing......Page 264
5. The “Masoretic Text’’......Page 265
2. Preliminary Studies on the Interrelationships of the Witnesses......Page 266
4. Constitutive and Interpretive Literary Initiatives......Page 267
7. Recovering the Original or the Archetype......Page 268
Section 1: The Different Forms of the Hebrew Text......Page 270
A. The St. Petersburg Manuscript (P)......Page 271
C. The Aleppo Manuscript (A)......Page 272
G. The Damascus Pentateuch (D)......Page 273
I. Berlin ms Or. qu. 680 and JThS 510 (=Ba)......Page 274
A. The Influence of Maimonides......Page 275
C. The Aleppo Manuscript and the Model Manuscript of Maimonides......Page 276
D. Relation between Masorah and Text......Page 277
E. The Great Classical miṣḥafim of the Karaites from the Tiberian School......Page 278
F. The Fume of “Ben Asher”......Page 284
III. The Predecessors of Aaron Ben Asher......Page 287
2. The Medieval Manuscripts and the Classical Tiberian Text......Page 289
A. Attempts to Use the Great Collations of the Eighteenth Century Critically......Page 290
B. Attempts at Quantitative Analysis......Page 291
2. Working with the de Rossi Collation......Page 292
3. Working with the Kennicott Collation......Page 293
4. Differences in Results......Page 294
2. Flaws in the Great Collations of the Eighteenth Century......Page 296
3. Data Already Obtained and Data Still Missing......Page 301
1. The Origins of Pointing according to Medieval Jewish Grammarians......Page 302
2. The Origins of Pointing according to Recent Christian Scholars......Page 303
4. An Undisputed Inheritance in the Midst of the Polemics......Page 304
II. Did a “Masoretic Text” Ever Exist?......Page 305
1. Oriental and Western......Page 306
2. The Babylonian Text and Palestinian Fragments......Page 307
3. The “Pseudo-Ben-Naftali" Manuscripts......Page 308
B. Did Medieval Masoretic Manuscripts Preserve Variants?......Page 309
1. Emendations Based on Non-classical Medieval Hebrew Traditions......Page 310
2. Support from Medieval Manuscripts with Weaker Authority......Page 316
4. Three Manuscripts That Are Rich in Variants: K150, K93, and K96......Page 319
1. The Fundamental Impasse and Abulafia's Solution......Page 335
2. Breuer’s Research......Page 336
3. The Research of Fernández Tejero and Ortega Monasterio......Page 340
4. The Aleppo Manuscript Comes Out of Its Isolation......Page 344
1. Placement of the Letters ביה שׁמו at the Top of the Page......Page 346
2. Arrangement of the Text of the Songs in the Torah......Page 350
V. Toward the Proper Use of the Masorahs......Page 364
1. Masorahs with Exegetical Implications......Page 365
2. Masorahs without Exegetical Implications......Page 369
1. Levita’s Project and Its Realization......Page 372
2. Relationship between the Three States of the Concordance......Page 373
3. The Fate of the Three Manuscripts......Page 377
1. Verses That Have the Same Beginning and Ending......Page 379
2. Plural sebirin for Singular Qeres of the Root בוא......Page 386
3. Particular Uses of יָצוֹא......Page 392
4. Qal or Piel-Niphal of ונשׂא......Page 394
5. Milˁel and milraˁ Vocalizations for ואתנה......Page 399
6. Imperfect 2p of the Qal of אמר with and without Nunation......Page 402
7. Hātēp or šĕwāˁ under the ḥet in the Root חסה......Page 408
D. Conclusions......Page 414
1. The Phylacteries......Page 416
2. Fragments from Torah Scrolls......Page 418
3. The Scroll of the 12 Prophets from Murabbaˁat (Mur88)......Page 419
1. Garbini’s Mathematical Demonstration......Page 422
2. List of Variants......Page 425
3. Overall Appraisal of the 176 Variants......Page 429
4. The 21 Variants Supported by Both 1QIsaa and 1QIsab......Page 430
5. Characteristics That Distinguish 1QIsab from 1QIsaa in the List of 176 Variants......Page 436
B. Comparison of 1QIsab with Mur......Page 437
C. Evaluation of the Two Comparisons......Page 438
1. Connections of 4QIsa with 1QIsaa and with M Where 1QIsab Is Missing......Page 439
2. Fragments from Ezekiel, Daniel, and the Twelve Prophets......Page 440
Section 2: The Contribution of the Versions......Page 444
A. Cases Treated in CTAT Vol. 3......Page 445
1. Unwarranted Transfers of Verse Divisions from M......Page 446
3. The Paragraphs in an Edition of G......Page 454
4. The Pericopes in G......Page 455
II. How Ziegler’s Text Could Be Improved......Page 456
1. Papyrus 967......Page 457
2. The Relationship between Papyrus 967 and the Alcala Polyglot......Page 458
1. The Alcala Polyglot......Page 474
2. The Nahal Hever Scroll......Page 476
1. A Characteristic Coincidence in Habakkuk 2:6......Page 482
3. The Moderate Tendency of the 1 QpHab Copyist to Modernize the ָו Spelling......Page 483
6. Conclusion......Page 484
B. Textual Relationship between the Archetype and G, 1QpHab, and M......Page 485
1. The State of M......Page 497
2. The State of IQpHab......Page 498
3. The State of G......Page 499
4. Percentages of Correspondence to the Archetype......Page 500
2. Versions Subsequent to Standardization......Page 501
1. The Editions......Page 502
2. The Marginal Scholia and the Catenae......Page 506
1. The Barberini Manuscript......Page 510
2. Jerome......Page 514
3. The SyroHexapla......Page 522
1. Grouped Sigla......Page 526
2. Complements Taken from G......Page 527
D. The Identification of the Hexaplaric Versions or Recensions......Page 529
A. The editio princeps......Page 530
1. Textual Criticism of V prior to Stephanus......Page 546
2. Assessment of the Textual Criticism of V up to Stephanus......Page 555
4. The San Girolamo and Weber Editions......Page 563
C. Jerome as Commentator on V......Page 564
D. Relationship between V and σ'......Page 566
A. The Direct Tradition......Page 567
2. The Editions......Page 568
B. The Indirect Tradition......Page 569
C. Relationship to G......Page 570
A. The Sperber Edition......Page 573
B. Yemenite and Tiberian Targums......Page 574
A. The Arabic in the Polyglot......Page 575
B. The Translation of Pethion ibn Ayyub al-Sahhar......Page 577
C. Use of the Arabic Versions in BHK²ʼ³ and BHS......Page 578
D. The Jewish Versions of the Tenth Century......Page 580
A. Jerome Explaining His Translation......Page 581
II. Interpretations that Give Evidence of Early Textual Accidents......Page 582
III. Versions and Manuscripts Interpret Spontaneously......Page 583
IV. Other Typical Links between Versions and Traditions......Page 586
A. Two Distinct Literary Traditions......Page 591
B. Hosea in G and M......Page 592
1. Characteristic Features of Hosea in G......Page 593
2. Differences in Tone between M and G of Hosea......Page 597
Appendix......Page 599
I. Structure of the Critical Apparatuses......Page 601
1. The Content of the Critical Edition......Page 602
2. The Various Critical Apparatuses......Page 604
3. Presentation of the Relevant Evidence?......Page 606
4. Ambiguity in the Critical Apparatus......Page 609
II. Desiderata for Critical Editions......Page 612
2. The Hexaplaric Versions......Page 613
5. Targum......Page 614
1. The Views of Maimonides and His Successors......Page 616
2. Traces of a Dissenting Tradition......Page 617
3. The Massekhet Sopherim......Page 618
4. The Views of the Babylonian Geonim......Page 619
5. Babylonians, Palestinians, and Maimonides......Page 621
6. The Antiquity of the Tradition of 42 Lines......Page 622
Aspects of the Committee’s Work......Page 624
I. The Selection of Cases......Page 627
II. Structure of the Critical Apparatuses......Page 628
1. Order of Items......Page 629
2. Factors Used to Characterize the Variants......Page 631
III. The Textual Witnesses......Page 636
IV. Authors Cited......Page 637
V. Indexes......Page 638
VI. Bibliography......Page 639
Works Cited......Page 640
Index of Authors......Page 702
Index of Scripture......Page 709