Students Guide to the US Supreme Court (Student's Guides to the U. S. Government)

Cover......Page 1
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of Illustrations......Page 9
Reader’s Guide......Page 11
About the Advisory Editor......Page 14
Preface......Page 15
Historical Milestones of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1787–2009: A Timeline......Page 17
Constitutional Roots of the Question......Page 26
The First Court: Was Hamilton a Prophet?......Page 28
Establishing Power......Page 29
Presidential Power and the Civil War......Page 30
Protection for Business......Page 32
The Court and FDR......Page 34
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights......Page 36
Conservative Backlash......Page 37
The Court in the Twenty-First Century......Page 40
Constitutional Requirements......Page 42
Choosing a Nominee......Page 44
Judicial Surprises......Page 47
The Confimation Process......Page 48
Controversial Nominees......Page 49
How Does the Supreme Court Affect Citizens Today?......Page 52
Hearing Appeals and the Weight of Precedent......Page 53
The Exclusionary Rule as an Example......Page 54
Ongoing Interpretations......Page 57
Constitutional Issues......Page 59
Landmark Cases......Page 60
Affimative Action......Page 61
Aliens, Protection of......Page 62
Alito, Samuel A. (1950– )......Page 63
Articles of Confederation......Page 65
Associate Justices......Page 66
Automobile Searches......Page 68
Basis of the Case......Page 70
Dissent and Aftermath......Page 71
Bill of Rights......Page 72
Extending the Bill of Rights......Page 73
Bills of Attainder......Page 75
Brandeis, Louis D. (1856–1941)......Page 76
Brennan, William Joseph Jr. (1906–1997)......Page 78
Breyer, Stephen (1938– )......Page 79
Basis of the Case......Page 80
Supreme Court Arguments......Page 82
Burger, Warren E. (1907–1995)......Page 84
Burr, Aaron, Trial of......Page 85
Background......Page 86
Supreme Court Intervention......Page 87
Restrictive Taxation......Page 90
Checks and Balances......Page 91
Chief Justice of the United States......Page 92
Child Labor......Page 94
Naturalization......Page 98
Civil Rights and the Supreme Court......Page 100
Twentieth Century Progress......Page 101
Confessions......Page 103
Selection and Rejection......Page 104
Controversial Confimations......Page 106
The Commerce Power......Page 108
Additional Powers......Page 112
Constitution of the United States......Page 115
Cruel and Unusual Punishment......Page 116
Background and Majority Opinion......Page 117
Other Opinions......Page 118
The Court’s Reasoning......Page 119
Abolishing Capital Punishment......Page 120
Reimposing the Death Penalty......Page 121
Last Chance for Opponents......Page 122
Double Jeopardy......Page 123
Background......Page 124
Supreme Court Hearing......Page 125
Procedural and Substantive Due Process......Page 127
Applicability......Page 128
Electronic Eavesdropping......Page 129
Engle v. Vitale (1962)......Page 130
Supreme Court Ruling......Page 131
Labor Conditions......Page 132
Civil Rights Act of 1964......Page 133
Background......Page 135
Supreme Court Hearing......Page 136
Exceptions to the Rule......Page 137
Ex Post Facto Laws......Page 138
Restrictive Covenants......Page 139
Federalism......Page 140
Field, Stephen Johnson (1816–1899)......Page 141
Direct Taxation......Page 142
The Currency Powers......Page 143
Foreign Affairs and the Supreme Court......Page 145
Frankfurter, Felix (1882–1965)......Page 146
Parades and Demonstrations......Page 147
Labor Picketing......Page 148
Establishing the Right......Page 149
Communism and Association......Page 150
The Establishment Clause......Page 151
Free Exercise......Page 152
Types of Speech......Page 153
Government Restraints......Page 154
Prior Restraint......Page 158
Privileged Access......Page 159
Applications of the Right to Petition......Page 160
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)......Page 161
The Court’s Ruling......Page 162
Aftermath and Significance......Page 163
Basis of the Case......Page 164
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader (1933– )......Page 166
Grandfather Clauses......Page 167
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)......Page 168
Harlan, John Marshall I (1833–1911)......Page 169
Harlan, John Marshall II (1899–1971)......Page 170
The Court’s Ruling......Page 171
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964)......Page 172
The Court’s Ruling......Page 173
Hill, Anita (1950– )......Page 174
Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr. (1841–1935)......Page 175
Legacy......Page 176
Hughes, Charles Evans (1862–1948)......Page 177
Implied Powers......Page 178
Injunctions......Page 179
Interstate Relations......Page 180
Judicial Activism......Page 181
Principles of Judicial Restraint......Page 182
Constitutional Basis......Page 183
Judiciary Act of 1789......Page 184
Main Provisions......Page 185
Appellate Jurisdiction......Page 186
Due Process Rights......Page 188
Basis of the Case......Page 189
Legislative Veto......Page 191
Libel......Page 192
Line Item Veto......Page 193
The Court’s Ruling......Page 194
Loyalty Oaths......Page 195
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)......Page 196
Basis of the Case......Page 197
Maritime and Admiralty Law......Page 199
Early Life and Career......Page 200
Marshall, Thurgood (1908–1993)......Page 201
Basis of the Case......Page 202
Aftermath and Significanc......Page 203
The Court’s Ruling......Page 204
Dissent and Aftermath......Page 205
Roosevelt’s Counterattack......Page 206
Basis of the Case......Page 207
The Court’s Ruling......Page 208
Obscenity......Page 209
Supreme Court Justice......Page 212
Opinions......Page 214
Concurring Opinions......Page 215
The Court’s Decision......Page 216
Basis of the Case......Page 218
Dissent and Aftermath......Page 219
Powell v. Alabama (1932)......Page 220
Challenging Presidential Authority......Page 222
Presidential Pardons......Page 223
Presidents and Justices......Page 224
Probable Cause......Page 225
Keeping Blacks From the Polls......Page 226
Court Service......Page 227
Ricci v. DeStefano (2009)......Page 228
Right to a Jury Trial......Page 229
Right to a Speedy Trial......Page 230
Right to Legal Counsel......Page 232
Right to Vote......Page 235
Roberts, John G. (1955– )......Page 236
Definitions and Restriction......Page 238
Background......Page 239
Public Reaction......Page 240
The Court Reverses Itself......Page 241
Scalia, Antonin (1936– )......Page 243
Reaction and Later Developments......Page 244
Search Warrants......Page 245
Self-Incrimination......Page 246
Challenging Sex Discrimination......Page 247
Sit-Ins......Page 248
Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)......Page 249
Slavery Issues......Page 250
Sotomayor, Sonia (1954– )......Page 251
Speech, Unprotected......Page 253
Stevens, John Paul (1920– )......Page 254
Story, Joseph (1779–1845)......Page 255
Sturges v. Crowninshield (1819)......Page 256
Supreme Court, History of the......Page 257
The Early Court......Page 258
Compulsory Retirement?......Page 259
Recent Courts......Page 261
Other Traditions......Page 262
New Court Building......Page 265
Layout and Design......Page 266
The Court’s Ruling......Page 267
Symbolic Speech......Page 268
Early Life and Political Career......Page 269
Taft As President......Page 270
Life and Career......Page 271
Dred Scott v. Sandford......Page 272
Thomas, Clarence (1948– )......Page 273
Later Rulings......Page 276
Background of the Case......Page 277
Reaction and Aftermath......Page 278
the Court’s Ruling......Page 279
Origins and Structure......Page 280
Wallace v. Jaffree (1984)......Page 281
Raising Armies......Page 282
Early Career......Page 283
White Primaries......Page 284
Writ of Habeas Corpus......Page 285
Zavelo v. Reeves (1913)......Page 286
Judiciary Act, Chapter XX, Sections 1–4, 9, 11, 14, 1789......Page 287
Marbury v. Madison, 1803......Page 289
Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819......Page 294
McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819......Page 298
Sturges v. Crowninshield, 1819......Page 301
Supreme Court Chamber, 1860–1935......Page 303
Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824......Page 304
Circuit Court of Appeals Act, Sections 2, 3, and 4, 1891......Page 305
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896......Page 307
Uncle Sam Anti-Alien Cartoon, 1918......Page 311
The Justices and the Building, 1929......Page 312
Korematsu v. United States, 1944......Page 313
Brown v. Board of Education, 1954......Page 315
The Supreme Court and the Communist Threat, 1951......Page 317
Ad from The New York Times, 1960......Page 318
Baker v. Carr, 1962......Page 319
Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963......Page 320
Escobedo v. Illinois, 1964......Page 322
New York Times v. Sullivan, 1964......Page 324
Miranda v. Arizona, 1966......Page 326
Loving v. Virginia, 1967......Page 328
Tinker v. Des Moines, 1969......Page 330
Swann v. Mecklenburg County Board of Education, 1971......Page 332
Roe v. Wade, 1973......Page 335
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 1988......Page 338
George W. Bush, et. al., petitioners, v. Albert Gore Jr., et. al., 2000......Page 340
Lawrence v. Texas, 2003......Page 343
Memorandum of Associate Justice Antonin Scalia, 2004......Page 347
Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg on Brown v. Board of Education, October 21, 2004......Page 349
Associate Justice Sandra Day O’Connor’s Letter of Resignation, July 1, 2005......Page 351
President George W. Bush Nominates Judge John Roberts as Chief Justice, September 5, 2005......Page 352
Judge Sonia Sotomayor on Her Nomination to the Supreme Court, May 26, 2009......Page 353
Identifying Sources of Information......Page 356
Documenting Sources for the Bibliography......Page 357
Citing Sources......Page 358
Using the Primary Source Library in This Volume......Page 359
Glossary......Page 360
Selected Bibliography......Page 364
Case Index......Page 368
General Index......Page 372