Structure Formation in Solution Ionic Polymers and Colloidal Particles

Contents......Page 5
1.1 Macroionic Systems and the Scope of the Book......Page 9
1.2 Principles for Structure Analysis on Macroionic Systems......Page 11
1.2.1 Electromagnetic Waves Emitted by Accelerated Electrons......Page 12
1.2.2 The Modified Thomson Model......Page 13
1.2.3 Electromagnetic Radiation in the Modified Thomson Model......Page 15
1.2.4 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by Macromolecules......Page 18
1.2.5 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by Macroionic Dispersions......Page 21
1.3.1 Cohesive Forces of Solids......Page 30
1.3.2 Properties of Ionic Solutions......Page 31
1.3.3 Effective Interactions between Macroions in Dispersion......Page 32
References......Page 36
2.1 Introductory Remarks......Page 38
2.2 Mean Field Description......Page 39
2.3 Debye-Hückel Theory of Strong Electrolytes......Page 42
2.3.1 Osmotic Pressure and van\'t Hoff Law......Page 43
2.3.2 Debye-Hückel Theory: Point-Like Ions......Page 45
2.3.3 Debye-Hückel Theory: Ions with a Finite Radius......Page 50
2.4 DLVO Theory......Page 52
2.4.1 Screened Coulomb Potential......Page 53
2.4.2 London\'s Derivation of the van der Waals Attraction......Page 60
2.4.3 DLVO Potential and Schulze-Hardy Rule......Page 65
2.4.4 Shortcomings of the DLVO Theory......Page 68
2.5 Summary......Page 70
References......Page 72
3.1 Introductory Remarks......Page 74
3.1.1 Dissociation State of Ionic Polymers (Charge Number)......Page 76
3.1.2 Conformation and Extension of Flexible Ionic Polymers......Page 80
3.2 Scattering Study of Dilute Solutions of Ionic Polymers......Page 81
3.2.1 Static Light Scattering......Page 82
3.2.2 Dynamic Light Scattering......Page 89
3.2.3 Small-Angle X-ray Scattering......Page 96
3.2.4 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering......Page 110
3.3 Recent Progress and Summary......Page 113
References......Page 122
4.1 Introductory Remarks......Page 125
4.1.1 Charge Number of Colloidal Particles......Page 127
4.1.2 Purification of Colloidal Dispersions......Page 132
4.2.1 Sedimentation Equilibrium of Free Particles......Page 135
4.2.3 Colloidal Crystals......Page 137
4.2.4 Inner Structure of Colloidal Dispersions and Crystals by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy......Page 153
4.3.1 Determination of Lattice Structure, Lattice Constant, and Direction of Colloidal Crystals......Page 167
4.3.2 Rupture and Regeneration of Colloidal Crystals......Page 171
4.3.3 Determination of Particle Radius and its Distribution......Page 174
4.3.4 Structural Analysis of Colloidal Crystals by 2D-USAXS......Page 176
4.3.5 Interparticle Distance as Determined by the USAXS Technique......Page 179
4.4.1 Static Light Scattering......Page 181
4.4.2 Dynamic Light Scattering......Page 186
4.4.3 Neutron Scattering......Page 189
4.4.4 Dynamic X-Ray Scattering......Page 193
4.5 Summary......Page 194
References......Page 199
5.1 Introductory Remarks......Page 202
5.2 Kikuchi–Kossel Diffraction Images......Page 203
5.3 Crystal Growth......Page 208
5.3.1 Era of Layer Structures......Page 209
5.3.2 Transitive Stage from Layer Structures to Cubic Structures......Page 210
5.3.3 Era of Cubic Structures......Page 211
5.4 Colloidal Alloy Crystals......Page 213
5.5 Fine Structure of Kossel Lines......Page 214
5.6 Summary......Page 215
References......Page 217
6.1 Introductory Remarks......Page 219
6.2 Reconstruction of a Linearized Mean Field Theory......Page 222
6.2.2 Model of the Gibbs (Macroionic) System......Page 223
6.2.3 Mean Electric Potential in the Effective Region V......Page 226
6.2.4 Adiabatic Pair Potentials for Effective Particles......Page 229
6.2.5 Adiabatic Potential for Spherical Effective Particles......Page 235
6.2.6 Adiabatic Potentials for Non-Spherical Macroions......Page 242
6.2.7 New Effective Pair Potential......Page 244
6.2.8 Commentary on the New Linearized Mean Field Theory......Page 247
6.3 Integral Representations for Free Energies of Macroionic Dispersions......Page 248
6.3.1 Model of Macroionic Dispersions......Page 249
6.3.2 Generating Functional of the PB Equation with Boundary Conditions......Page 251
6.3.3 Integral Representation for the Helmholtz Free Energy......Page 252
6.3.4 Integral Representation for the Gibbs Free Energy......Page 253
6.3.5 Debye\'s Charging-up Formula......Page 256
6.4 Highly Charged Plates Immersed in an Electrolyte......Page 257
6.4.1 Models of One-Dimensional Systems......Page 258
6.4.2 Solutions of the PB Equation......Page 259
6.4.3 Thermodynamic Energies of the System......Page 262
6.4.4 Adiabatic Potential......Page 263
6.4.5 Numerical Results......Page 266
6.4.6 Carlson\'s Theory of Elliptic Integrals......Page 274
6.5 Summary and Discussion......Page 276
References......Page 281
7.2 Viscosity of Dilute Solutions of Flexible Ionic Polymers......Page 283
7.3.2 Experimental Results of Dispersions of Latex Particles and Microgels......Page 288
7.3.3 Ionic Atmosphere and Its Distortion (The Primary Electroviscous Effect)......Page 291
7.4 Summary......Page 296
References......Page 298
8.1 Introductory Remarks......Page 299
8.2 Phase Transition of Hard-Sphere Model (Alder Transition)......Page 300
8.3 Phase Transition by Yukawa Potential and DLVO Potential......Page 302
8.4 Phase Transitions by Pair G-Potential......Page 306
8.4.1 bcc-fcc Transition, Solid-Liquid Equilibrium, Homogeneous-Inhomogeneous Transition, and Voids......Page 307
8.4.2 MC Simulation at Very Low Volume Fractions......Page 317
8.5 Summary......Page 321
References......Page 322
9.1 Introductory Remarks......Page 324
9.3 DLVO Potential or Pair G-Potential?......Page 325
9.3.2 Shear Modulus of Colloidal Crystals......Page 327
9.3.3 Thermal Contraction of Colloidal Crystals......Page 328
9.3.4 Schulze-Hardy Rule......Page 330
9.4.1 Measurements by Grier, Fraden, Tinoco, and Versmold......Page 332
9.4.2 Measurement by Sugimoto et al.......Page 339
9.4.3 Surface Force Measurements and Atomic Force Microscopy......Page 340
9.5 Comparison of Recent Computer Simulation with Experiments......Page 342
9.6 Other Related Problems......Page 343
References......Page 346
C......Page 348
I......Page 349
R......Page 350
Z......Page 351