Structure formation in polymeric fibers

Contributors......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 18
1 Variations on a Theme of Uniaxial Orientation: Introductory Remarks on the Past, Present and Future of Fiber Formation......Page 20
2 Structure Formation During Melt Spinning......Page 24
  2.1.1 Introduction......Page 26
  2.1.2 An Engineering Analysis of the Process......Page 28
  2.2.1 Polyolefins......Page 48
  2.2.2 Polyesters......Page 71
  2.2.3. Polyamides......Page 86
  2.2.4 Other Homopolymers......Page 94
  2.2.5 Copolymers Developed for Specialty Applications......Page 96
  2.2.6 Polymer Blends and Bicomponent Fibers......Page 102
 2.4 References......Page 106
  3.2.1 The Dominant Forces......Page 114
  3.2.2 Cooling and Crystallization......Page 118
  3.2.3 Transient Effects......Page 120
  3.3.2 The Ideal One-Step Spinning Process......Page 122
  3.3.3 Patented Advances in Fiber Melt Spinning......Page 124
  3.4.2 The Response of Spinline Dynamics......Page 128
  3.4.3 Unprecedented As-Spun Fiber Properties......Page 130
  3.4.4 The Concept of Extended Chains and Enhanced Molecular Connectivity......Page 132
 3.5 Potential Applications and Future Development......Page 134
 3.6 References......Page 136
 4.1 Introduction......Page 138
  4.2.1 Modes of Deformation......Page 140
  4.2.2 Constant Extension Rate Deformation......Page 142
  4.2.3 Constant Force Deformation......Page 152
  4.3.1 General Concepts......Page 154
  4.3.2 The Case of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)......Page 156
  4.3.3 Other Polymers......Page 170
  4.4.1 Stress-Strain-Orientation Behavior......Page 172
  4.4.2 Crystallization......Page 181
  4.4.3 Molecular Dynamics Simulations......Page 182
  4.5.2 Three Phase Models......Page 184
 4.6 Structure-Property Relationships......Page 186
  4.6.1 Tensile Modulus, Strength, Yield, and Elongation at Break......Page 188
  4.6.3 Penetrant Diffusion......Page 190
  4.7.1 Apolar Polymers......Page 192
  4.7.2 Polar Polymers......Page 194
 4.8 References......Page 198
5 Basic Aspects of Solution(Gel)-Spinning and Ultra-Drawing of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene......Page 205
 5.1 Introduction......Page 207
  5.2.3 Infinite vs. Finite Chains......Page 208
  5.2.4 Chain Alignment, Orientation vs. Extension......Page 210
  5.3.1 The Single Chain......Page 214
  5.3.2 An Ensemble of Chains......Page 216
  5.4.1 Solid-State Drawing of Polyethylenes......Page 218
  5.4.2 Solution(Gel)-Crystallized Polyethylene......Page 220
  5.4.3 Solvent-Free Processing of UHME-PE; Nascent Reactor Powders......Page 222
  5.4.4 Modeling of the Drawing Behavior......Page 230
  5.4.5 Drawing Behavior of Other Polymer Systems......Page 236
  5.5.1 Tensile Strength (1-D)......Page 238
 5.6 Concluding Remarks......Page 240
 5.8 References......Page 242
6 Electrospinning and the Formation ofNanofibers......Page 244
 6.1 Introduction......Page 245
 6.2 Electrospinning Process......Page 246
  6.2.2 Bending Instability and Elongation of the Jet......Page 248
  6.2.3 Diameter of Nanofibers......Page 252
  6.2.4 Observations of Electrospinning of Polyethylene oxide Solutions: Length ofthe Straight Segment, Flow Rate of the Solution, Current and Voltage......Page 254
  6.3.2 Electrospun Poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide)......Page 256
  6.3.3 Composites with Nanofiber Reinforcement......Page 258
  6.3.5 Carbon Nanofibers......Page 260
 6.5 References......Page 264
 7.1 Introduction: Liquid Crystalline Phases......Page 266
 7.2 Rheology in Liquid Crystalline Polymers......Page 268
 7.3 Fibers from Liquid Crystalline Polymers......Page 273
 7.4 Structure Formation and Properties of Liquid Crystalline Polymer Fibers from the Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline State......Page 276
  7.4.1 Molecular Parameters, Fiber Spinning, and Heat Treatments......Page 278
  7.4.2 PPTA Fiber Structure, Morphology, and Properties......Page 280
  7.4.3 PBZT and PBO Fiber Structure, Morphology, and Properties......Page 286
 7.5 Structure Formation and Properties of Liquid Crystalline Polymer Fibers from the Isotropic Solution State......Page 290
  7.5.1 Molecular Parameters, Fiber Spinning, and Heat Treatments......Page 292
  7.5.2 Organo-Soluble Aromatic Polyimide Fiber Structure, Morphology,and Properties......Page 294
  7.5.3 Technora Fiber Structure, Morphology, and Properties......Page 300
  7.6.1 Molecular Parameters, Fiber Spinning, and Heat Treatments......Page 302
  7.6.2 HBA/PET Copolyester Fiber Structure, Morphology, and Properties......Page 304
  7.6.3 HBA/HNA Copolyester Fiber Structure, Morphology, and Properties......Page 307
 7.8 References......Page 308
  8.1.2 Cellulose Structure......Page 316
  8.2.1 Introduction......Page 320
  8.2.2 Liquid Crystalline State......Page 326
  8.2.3 Direct Dissolution of Cellulose......Page 328
  8.2.4 Fiber Extrusion and Properties......Page 340
 8.4 References......Page 344
  9.1.1 Introduction......Page 349
  9.1.2 Carbon Fibers from PAN Precursors......Page 350
  9.1.3 Carbon Fibers from Pitch Precursors......Page 356
  9.2.2 Tensile and Compressive Strength......Page 358
  9.2.3 The Structure of Carbon Fibers......Page 360
  9.2.4 Failure Mechanisms......Page 368
  9.2.5 Disorder in Carbon Fibers......Page 372
  9.2.6 Structure-Property Relations......Page 374
 9.3 References......Page 376
 10.1 Introduction......Page 378
  10.1.1 Polymer Conductivity......Page 380
  10.1.2 Measurement of Polymer Conductivity......Page 386
  10.1.3 Processing of Conductive Polymers......Page 388
 10.2 Fiber Formation from Emeraldine Base Polyaniline......Page 392
  10.2.1 Solution Spinning of Emeraldine Base Fiber......Page 396
  10.2.2 PANI Fiber Properties......Page 404
  10.2.3 Viscoelastic Characterization of PANI Spin Dopes......Page 406
 10.3 Conclusion......Page 412
 10.5 References......Page 414
 11.1 Introduction......Page 416
  11.2.2 Miscibility......Page 418
  11.2.4 Blends of Thermoplastics and Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers......Page 420
 11.3 Bicomponent Fibers......Page 422
 11.4 Fibers from Polymer Blends......Page 424
  11.5.1 Fibers Produced via Simultaneous Melting of Blend Components......Page 426
  11.5.2 Fibers Generated Using the Dual Extrusion Process......Page 428
  11.5.3 Post Processing of Fibers Generated Using the Dual Extrusion Process......Page 437
 11.6 Copolymers......Page 438
 11.7 Elastomeric Fibers......Page 440
 11.8 References......Page 442
 12.1 Introduction......Page 444
  12.2.2 Consumer Textiles......Page 446
  12.2.3 Tire Cord and Other Industrial Applications......Page 450
  12.3.1 Mechanical Behavior During Processing; Creation of Internal Stress; Heat-Setting......Page 452
  12.4.1 Basic Structure......Page 460
  12.4.3 The Oriented Mesophase......Page 462
  12.5.1 Effect of Orientation on the Crystallization Rate......Page 464
  12.5.3 Treat and Quench Investigations......Page 466
 12.6 Some Final Remarks......Page 472
 12.7 References......Page 474
  13.1.1 Introduction......Page 476
  13.1.2 Degree of Crystallinity......Page 478
  13.1.4 Crystallite Size......Page 480
  13.1.5 Crystal Structure Determination......Page 482
  13.1.6 Aperiodic Scatter from Fibers of Random Copolymers......Page 484
  13.1.7 Transesterification in Blends of Copoly(HBA/HNA)......Page 488
  13.1.8 Non-Linearity and Distortions......Page 490
  13.1.9 References......Page 492
  13.2.1 Introduction......Page 494
  13.2.2 Characteristics of SAS......Page 496
  13.2.3 Instrumentation......Page 498
  13.2.4 Data Analysis......Page 499
  13.2.5 Applications......Page 504
  13.2.7 References......Page 511
  13.3.1 Crystallinity from Density......Page 512
  13.3.2 Molecular Orientation from Birefringence......Page 514
  13.3.3 Molecular Orientation from Polarized Fluorescence......Page 516
  13.3.4 References......Page 524
  13.4.1 Introduction......Page 526
  13.4.2 Infrared......Page 528
  13.4.3 Raman......Page 532
  13.4.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance......Page 534
  13.4.5 References......Page 538
 14.1 Introduction......Page 540
  14.2.1 The Early Fringed Micelle Models......Page 542
  14.2.2 The Common Working Model......Page 548
  14.2.3 Alternative Continuous Models......Page 552
  14.2.4 Other Complexities......Page 554
  14.3.2 Characterizing Structure: Computer Graphics......Page 556
  14.3.3 Polymer Dynamics......Page 558
  14.3.5 Kinetics of Nonhomogeneous Processes......Page 560
  14.3.7 Chaos Theory......Page 562
  14.4.1 Quantum Effects......Page 564
  14.4.3 Clusters and Quantized Energy Levels......Page 566
 14.5 Conclusion: Scientific and Engineering Opportunity......Page 568
 14.6 References......Page 570
Index......Page 573