structural steel designers handbook

Preface to the Third Edition......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 0
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 2
Table of Contents......Page 4
1.1 Structural Steel Shapes and Plates......Page 13
1.2 Steel-Quality Designations......Page 18
1.3 Relative Cost of Structural Steels......Page 20
1.4 Steel Sheet and Strip for Structural Applications......Page 22
1.6 Steel Cable for Structural Applications......Page 25
1.7 Tensile Properties......Page 26
1.8 Properties in Shear......Page 28
1.9 Hardness Tests......Page 29
1.10 Effect of Cold Work on Tensile Properties......Page 30
1.11 Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties......Page 31
1.12 Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Tensile Properties......Page 32
1.13 Fatigue......Page 34
1.14 Brittle Fracture......Page 35
1.15 Residual Stresses......Page 38
1.17 Welded Splices in Heavy Sections......Page 40
1.19 Variations in Mechanical Properties......Page 41
1.20 Changes in Carbon Steels on Heating and Cooling......Page 42
1.22 Annealing and Normalizing......Page 44
1.23 Effects of Chemistry on Steel Properties......Page 45
1.24 Steelmaking Methods......Page 47
1.25 Casting and Hot Rolling......Page 48
1.27 Effects of Welding......Page 51
1.28 Effects of Thermal Cutting......Page 52
2.1 Shop Detail Drawings......Page 53
2.2 Cutting, Shearing, and Sawing......Page 55
2.4 CNC Machines......Page 56
2.6 Welding......Page 57
2.7 Camber......Page 60
2.8 Shop Preassembly......Page 61
2.9 Rolled Sections......Page 63
2.10 Built-Up Sections......Page 64
2.11 Cleaning and Painting......Page 67
2.12 Fabrication Tolerances......Page 68
2.13 Erection Equipment......Page 69
2.14 Erection Methods for Buildings......Page 72
2.15 Erection Procedure for Bridges......Page 75
2.16 Field Tolerances......Page 77
2.17 Safety Concerns......Page 79
Structural Mechanics - Statics......Page 80
3.2 Principles of Forces......Page 81
3.3 Moments of Forces......Page 84
3.4 Equations of Equilibrium......Page 85
3.5 Frictional Forces......Page 87
3.6 Kinematics......Page 89
3.7 Kinetics......Page 90
3.8 Stress-Strain Diagrams......Page 92
3.9 Components of Stress and Strain......Page 93
3.10 Stress-Strain Relationships......Page 96
3.11 Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress......Page 97
3.12 Mohr's Circle......Page 99
3.13 Types of Structural Members and Supports......Page 100
3.14 Axial-Force Members......Page 101
3.15 Members Subjected to Torsion......Page 103
3.16 Bending Stresses and Strains in Beams......Page 104
3.17 Shear Stresses in Beams......Page 108
3.18 Shear, Moment, and Deformation Relationships in Beams......Page 113
3.19 Shear Deflections in Beams......Page 124
3.20 Members Subjected to Combined Forces......Page 125
3.21 Unsymmetrical Bending......Page 127
3.22 Work of External Forces......Page 129
3.23 Virtual Work and Strain Energy......Page 130
3.24 Castigliano's Theorems......Page 135
3.25 Reciprocal Theorems......Page 136
3.26 Types of Loads......Page 138
3.27 Commonly Used Structural Systems......Page 139
3.28 Determinacy and Geometric Stability......Page 141
3.29 Calculation of Reactions in Statically Determinate Systems......Page 142
3.30 Forces in Statically Determinate Trusses......Page 143
3.31 Deflections of Statically Determinate Trusses......Page 145
3.32 Forces in Statically Determinate Beams and Frames......Page 147
3.33 Deformations in Beams......Page 148
3.34 Methods for Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Systems......Page 152
3.35 Force Method (Method of Consistent Deflections)......Page 153
3.36 Displacement Methods......Page 155
3.37 Slope-Deflection Method......Page 157
3.38 Moment-Distribution Method......Page 160
3.39 Matrix Stiffness Method......Page 163
3.40 Influence Lines......Page 168
3.41 Elastic Flexural Buckling of Columns......Page 172
3.42 Elastic Lateral Buckling of Beams......Page 175
3.43 Elastic Flexural Buckling of Frames......Page 177
3.45 Comparisons of Elastic and Inelastic Analyses......Page 178
3.46 General Second-Order Effects......Page 180
3.47 Approximate Amplification Factors for Second-Order Effects......Page 182
3.49 General Material Nonlinear Effects......Page 184
3.50 Classical Methods of Plastic Analysis......Page 188
3.52 General Concepts of Structural Dynamics......Page 193
3.53 Vibration of Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems......Page 195
3.55 Repeated Loads......Page 197
4.1 Three-Hinged Arches......Page 198
4.2 Two-Hinged Arches......Page 200
4.3 Fixed Arches......Page 202
4.4 Stresses in Arch Ribs......Page 204
4.5 Plate Domes......Page 205
4.6 Ribbed Domes......Page 208
4.7 Ribbed and Hooped Domes......Page 216
4.8 Schwedler Domes......Page 219
4.9 Simple Suspension Cables......Page 220
4.10 Cable Suspension Systems......Page 226
4.11 Plane-Grid Frameworks......Page 231
4.12 Folded Plates......Page 239
4.13 Orthotropic Plates......Page 245
5.1 Limitations on Use of Fasteners and Welds......Page 259
5.3 High-Strength Bolts, Nuts, and Washers......Page 260
5.5 Welded Studs......Page 263
5.6 Pins......Page 265
5.7 Fastener Diameters......Page 268
5.8 Fastener Holes......Page 269
5.9 Minimum Number of Fasteners......Page 270
5.11 Fastener Spacing......Page 271
5.12 Edge Distance of Fasteners......Page 272
5.13 Fillers......Page 274
5.14 Installation of Fasteners......Page 275
Welds......Page 277
5.15  Welding Materials......Page 278
5.16 Types of Welds......Page 279
5.17 Standard Welding Symbols......Page 283
5.18 Welding Positions......Page 288
5.19 Limitations on Fillet-Weld Dimensions......Page 289
5.21 Welding Procedures......Page 291
5.22 Weld Quality......Page 294
Design of Connections......Page 296
5.25 Hanger Connections......Page 297
5.26 Tension Splices......Page 305
5.27 Compression Splices......Page 308
5.28 Column Base Plates......Page 312
5.29 Beam Bearing Plates......Page 318
5.30 Shear Splices......Page 320
5.31 Bracket Connections......Page 325
5.32 Connections for Simple Beams......Page 335
5.33 Moment Connections......Page 344
5.34 Beams Seated Atop Supports......Page 353
5.35 Truss Connections......Page 354
5.36 Connections for Bracing......Page 356
5.37 Crane-Girder Connections......Page 365
6.1 Building Codes......Page 368
6.4 Building Occupancy Loads......Page 369
6.5 Roof Loads......Page 376
6.6 Wind Loads......Page 377
6.7 Seismic Loads......Page 388
6.9 Crane-Runway Loads......Page 393
6.11 Combined Loads......Page 395
6.12 ASD and LRFD Specifications......Page 396
6.13 Axial Tension......Page 397
6.14 Shear......Page 401
6.15 Combined Tension and Shear......Page 407
6.16 Compression......Page 408
6.17 Bending Strength......Page 412
6.19 Combined Bending and Compression......Page 415
6.20 Combined Bending and Tension......Page 417
6.22 Fatigue Loading......Page 418
6.23 Local Plate Buckling......Page 429
6.25 Design Parameters for Rolled Beams and Plate Girders......Page 431
6.26 Criteria for Composite Construction......Page 434
6.27 Serviceability......Page 441
6.28 Built-Up Compression Members......Page 443
6.29 Built-Up Tension Members......Page 444
6.30 Plastic Design......Page 445
6.31 Hollow Structural Sections......Page 446
6.33 Fire Protection......Page 452
7.1 Tension Members......Page 468
7.2 Comparative Designs of Double-Angle Hanger......Page 470
7.3 Example - LRFD for Wide-Flange Truss Members......Page 471
7.4 Compression Members......Page 472
7.5 Example - LRFD for Steel Pipe in Axial Compression......Page 473
7.6 Comparative Designs of Wide-Flange Section with Axial Compression......Page 474
7.7 Example - LRFD for Double Angles with Axial Compression......Page 475
7.8 Steel Beams......Page 477
7.9 Comparative Designs of Single-Span Floorbeam......Page 478
7.10 Example - LRFD for Floorbeam with Unbraced Top Flange......Page 481
7.11 Example - LRFD for Floorbeam with Overhang......Page 483
7.12 Composite Beams......Page 485
7.13 LRFD for Composite Beam with Uniform Loads......Page 487
7.14 Example - LRFD for Composite Beam with Concentrated Loads and End Moments......Page 495
7.15 Combined Axial Load and Biaxial Bending......Page 499
7.16 Example - LRFD for Wide-Flange Column in a Multistory Rigid Frame......Page 500
7.17 Base Plate Design......Page 504
7.18 Example - LRFD of Column Base Plate......Page 506
8.1 Concrete Fill on Metal Deck......Page 507
8.2 Precast-Concrete Plank......Page 514
Roof Decks......Page 515
8.4 Metal Roof Deck......Page 516
8.6 Wood-Fiber Planks......Page 517
Floor Framing......Page 519
8.8 Rolled Shapes......Page 520
8.9 Open-Web Joists......Page 523
8.11 Trusses......Page 524
8.12 Stub-Girders......Page 525
8.14 Castellated Beams......Page 527
8.17 Fire Protection......Page 531
8.18 Vibrations......Page 534
8.20 Space Frames......Page 535
8.21 Arched Roofs......Page 536
8.22 Dome Roofs......Page 537
8.23 Cable Structures......Page 539
9.1 Description of Wind Forces......Page 542
9.2 Determination of Wind Loads......Page 545
9.3 Seismic Loads in Model Codes......Page 550
9.4 Equivalent Static Forces for Seismic Design......Page 551
9.5 Dynamic Method of Seismic Load Distribution......Page 555
9.6 Structural Steel Systems for Seismic Design......Page 558
9.7 Seismic-Design Limitations on Steel Frames......Page 563
9.8 Forces in Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads......Page 574
9.9 Member and Connection Design for Lateral Loads......Page 579
10.1 Design Specifications and Materials......Page 584
10.2 Manufacturing Methods and Effects......Page 585
10.3 Nominal Loads......Page 587
10.4 Design Methods......Page 588
10.6 Effective Width Concept......Page 590
10.8 Effective Widths of Stiffened Elements......Page 594
10.10 Effective Widths of Uniformly Compressed Elements with Edge Stiffener......Page 597
10.12 Flexural Members......Page 599
10.13 Concentrically Loaded Compression Members......Page 608
10.15 Combined Compressive Axial Load and Bending......Page 610
10.17 Welded Connections......Page 613
10.18 Bolted Connections......Page 617
10.19 Screw Connections......Page 620
10.21 Wall Stud Assemblies......Page 624
10.22 Example of Effective Section Calculation......Page 625
10.23 Example of Bending Strength Calculation......Page 628
11.1 Standard Specifications......Page 630
11.3 Primary Design Considerations......Page 631
11.4 Highway Design Loadings......Page 633
11.5 Load Combinations and Effects......Page 642
11.6 Nominal Resistance for LRFD......Page 648
11.7 Distribution of Loads through Decks......Page 649
11.8 Basic Allowable Stresses for Bridges......Page 653
11.9 Fracture Control......Page 658
11.10 Repetitive Loadings......Page 659
11.11 Detailing for Earthquakes......Page 664
11.12 Detailing for Buckling......Page 665
11.13 Criteria for Built-Up Tension Members......Page 674
11.14 Criteria for Built-Up Compression Members......Page 675
11.15 Plate Girders and Cover-Plated Rolled Beams......Page 677
11.16 Composite Construction with I Girders......Page 679
11.17 Cost-Effective Plate-Girder Designs......Page 683
11.18 Box Girders......Page 685
11.19 Hybrid Girders......Page 689
11.20 Orthotropic-Deck Bridges......Page 690
11.22 Bearings......Page 692
11.23 Detailing for Weldability......Page 696
11.25 Bridge Decks......Page 698
11.26 Elimination of Expansion Joints in Highway Bridges......Page 701
11.27 Bridge Steels and Corrosion Protection......Page 703
11.29 Inspectability......Page 706
11.30 Reference Materials......Page 707
11.33 Owner's Concerns......Page 708
11.34 Design Considerations......Page 709
11.35 Design Loadings......Page 710
11.36 Composite Steel and Concrete Spans......Page 718
11.37 Basic Allowable Stresses......Page 719
11.38 Fatigue Design......Page 723
11.39 Fracture Critical Members......Page 725
11.41 General Design Provisions......Page 726
11.42 Compression Members......Page 728
11.44 Members Stressed Primarily in Bending......Page 729
11.45 Other Considerations......Page 733
12.1 Characteristics of Beam Bridges......Page 735
12.2 Example - Allowable-Stress Design of Composite, Rolled-Beam Stringer Bridge......Page 739
12.3 Characteristics of Plate-Girder Stringer Bridges......Page 754
12.4 Example - Allowable-Stress Design of Composite, Plate-Girder Bridge......Page 757
12.5 Example - Load-Factor Design of Composite Plate-Girder Bridge......Page 768
12.6 Characteristics of Curved Girder Bridges......Page 782
12.7 Example - Allowable-Stress Design of Curved Stringer Bridge......Page 790
12.8 Deck Plate-Girder Bridges with Floorbeams......Page 803
12.9 Example - Allowable-Stress Design of Deck Plate-Girder Bridge with Floorbeams......Page 804
12.10 Through Plate-Girder Bridges with Floorbeams......Page 838
12.11 Example - Allowable-Stress Design of a Through Plate-Girder Bridge......Page 839
12.12 Composite Box-Girder Bridges......Page 848
12.13 Example - Allowable-Stress Design of a Composite Box-Girder Bridge......Page 852
12.14 Orthotropic-Plate Girder Bridges......Page 862
12.15 Example - Design of an Orthotropic-Plate Box-Girder Bridge......Page 864
12.16 Continuous-Beam Bridges......Page 887
12.17 Allowable-Stress Design of Bridge with Continuous, Composite Stringers......Page 888
12.18 Example - Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of Composite Plate-Girder Bridge......Page 903
13. Truss Bridges......Page 926
13.2 Truss Components......Page 927
13.3 Types of Trusses......Page 930
13.4 Bridge Layout......Page 932
13.5 Deck Design......Page 933
13.6 Lateral Bracing, Portals, and Sway Frames......Page 934
13.8 Truss Design Procedure......Page 935
13.9 Truss Member Details......Page 943
13.10 Member and Joint Design Examples - LFD and SLD......Page 946
13.11 Member Design Example - LRFD......Page 952
13.12 Truss Joint Design Procedure......Page 960
13.13 Example - Load-Factor Design of Truss Joint......Page 962
13.14 Example - Service-Load Design of Truss Joint......Page 969
13.15 Skewed Bridges......Page 974
13.16 Truss Bridges on Curves......Page 975
13.18 Continuous Trusses......Page 976
14. Arch Bridges......Page 977
14.2 Arch Forms......Page 978
14.3 Selection of Arch Type and Form......Page 979
14.4 Comparison of Arch with Other Bridge Types......Page 981
14.5 Erection of Arch Bridges......Page 982
14.6 Design of Arch Ribs and Ties......Page 983
14.7 Design of Other Elements......Page 986
14.8 Examples of Arch Bridges......Page 987
14.9 Guidelines for Preliminary Designs and Estimates......Page 1020
14.10 Buckling Considerations for Arches......Page 1022
14.11 Example - Design of Tied-Arch Bridge......Page 1023
15.1 Evolution of Cable-Suspended Bridges......Page 1045
15.2 Classification of Cable-Suspended Bridges......Page 1049
15.3 Classification and Characteristics of Suspension Bridges......Page 1051
15.4 Classification and Characteristics of Cable-Stayed Bridges......Page 1060
15.5 Classification of Bridges by Span......Page 1067
15.6 Need for Longer Spans......Page 1068
15.7 Population Demographics of Suspension Bridges......Page 1073
15.9 Technological Limitations to Future Development......Page 1074
15.10 Cable-Suspended Bridges for Rail Loading......Page 1075
15.11 Specifications and Loadings for Cable-Suspended Bridges......Page 1076
15.12 Cables......Page 1079
15.13 Cable Saddles, Anchorages, and Connections......Page 1085
15.14 Corrosion Protection of Cables......Page 1089
15.15 Statics of Cables......Page 1096
15.16 Suspension-Bridge Analysis......Page 1097
15.17 Preliminary Suspension-Bridge Design......Page 1112
15.18 Self-Anchored Suspension Bridges......Page 1118
15.19 Cable-Stayed Bridge Analysis......Page 1119
15.20 Preliminary Design of Cable-Stayed Bridges......Page 1123
15.21 Aerodynamic Analysis of Cable-Suspended Bridges......Page 1130
15.22 Seismic Analysis of Cable-Suspended Structures......Page 1140
15.23 Erection of Cable-Suspended Bridges......Page 1141
Front Matter......Page 1145
Contributors......Page 1148
Factors for Conversion to SI Units of Measurement......Page 1150
A......Page 1151
B......Page 1153
C......Page 1163
D......Page 1170
F......Page 1172
G......Page 1176
I......Page 1177
L......Page 1178
M......Page 1180
P......Page 1181
R......Page 1184
S......Page 1185
T......Page 1194
W......Page 1198
Y......Page 1201