Structural steel designer's handbook

Front Matter......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 0
Factors for Conversion to SI Units of Measurement......Page 3
Preface to the Third Edition......Page 4
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 7
1.1 Structural Steel Shapes and Plates......Page 16
1.2 Steel-Quality Designations......Page 21
1.3 Relative Cost of Structural Steels......Page 23
1.4 Steel Sheet and Strip for Structural Applications......Page 25
1.6 Steel Cable for Structural Applications......Page 28
1.7 Tensile Properties......Page 29
1.8 Properties in Shear......Page 31
1.9 Hardness Tests......Page 32
1.10 Effect of Cold Work on Tensile Properties......Page 33
1.11 Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties......Page 34
1.12 Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Tensile Properties......Page 35
1.13 Fatigue......Page 37
1.14 Brittle Fracture......Page 38
1.15 Residual Stresses......Page 41
1.17 Welded Splices in Heavy Sections......Page 43
1.19 Variations in Mechanical Properties......Page 44
1.20 Changes in Carbon Steels on Heating and Cooling......Page 45
1.22 Annealing and Normalizing......Page 47
1.23 Effects of Chemistry on Steel Properties......Page 48
1.24 Steelmaking Methods......Page 50
1.25 Casting and Hot Rolling......Page 51
1.27 Effects of Welding......Page 54
1.28 Effects of Thermal Cutting......Page 55
2.1 Shop Detail Drawings......Page 56
2.2 Cutting, Shearing, and Sawing......Page 58
2.4 CNC Machines......Page 59
2.6 Welding......Page 60
2.7 Camber......Page 63
2.8 Shop Preassembly......Page 64
2.9 Rolled Sections......Page 66
2.10 Built-Up Sections......Page 67
2.11 Cleaning and Painting......Page 70
2.12 Fabrication Tolerances......Page 71
2.13 Erection Equipment......Page 72
2.14 Erection Methods for Buildings......Page 75
2.15 Erection Procedure for Bridges......Page 78
2.16 Field Tolerances......Page 80
2.17 Safety Concerns......Page 82
Structural Mechanics - Statics......Page 83
3.2 Principles of Forces......Page 84
3.3 Moments of Forces......Page 87
3.4 Equations of Equilibrium......Page 88
3.5 Frictional Forces......Page 90
3.6 Kinematics......Page 92
3.7 Kinetics......Page 93
3.8 Stress-Strain Diagrams......Page 95
3.9 Components of Stress and Strain......Page 96
3.10 Stress-Strain Relationships......Page 99
3.11 Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress......Page 100
3.12 Mohr\'s Circle......Page 102
3.13 Types of Structural Members and Supports......Page 103
3.14 Axial-Force Members......Page 104
3.15 Members Subjected to Torsion......Page 106
3.16 Bending Stresses and Strains in Beams......Page 107
3.17 Shear Stresses in Beams......Page 111
3.18 Shear, Moment, and Deformation Relationships in Beams......Page 116
3.19 Shear Deflections in Beams......Page 127
3.20 Members Subjected to Combined Forces......Page 128
3.21 Unsymmetrical Bending......Page 130
3.22 Work of External Forces......Page 132
3.23 Virtual Work and Strain Energy......Page 133
3.24 Castigliano\'s Theorems......Page 138
3.25 Reciprocal Theorems......Page 139
3.26 Types of Loads......Page 141
3.27 Commonly Used Structural Systems......Page 142
3.28 Determinacy and Geometric Stability......Page 144
3.29 Calculation of Reactions in Statically Determinate Systems......Page 145
3.30 Forces in Statically Determinate Trusses......Page 146
3.31 Deflections of Statically Determinate Trusses......Page 148
3.32 Forces in Statically Determinate Beams and Frames......Page 150
3.33 Deformations in Beams......Page 151
3.34 Methods for Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Systems......Page 155
3.35 Force Method (Method of Consistent Deflections)......Page 156
3.36 Displacement Methods......Page 158
3.37 Slope-Deflection Method......Page 160
3.38 Moment-Distribution Method......Page 163
3.39 Matrix Stiffness Method......Page 166
3.40 Influence Lines......Page 171
3.41 Elastic Flexural Buckling of Columns......Page 175
3.42 Elastic Lateral Buckling of Beams......Page 178
3.43 Elastic Flexural Buckling of Frames......Page 180
3.45 Comparisons of Elastic and Inelastic Analyses......Page 181
3.46 General Second-Order Effects......Page 183
3.47 Approximate Amplification Factors for Second-Order Effects......Page 185
3.49 General Material Nonlinear Effects......Page 187
3.50 Classical Methods of Plastic Analysis......Page 191
3.52 General Concepts of Structural Dynamics......Page 196
3.53 Vibration of Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems......Page 198
3.55 Repeated Loads......Page 200
4.1 Three-Hinged Arches......Page 201
4.2 Two-Hinged Arches......Page 203
4.3 Fixed Arches......Page 205
4.4 Stresses in Arch Ribs......Page 207
4.5 Plate Domes......Page 208
4.6 Ribbed Domes......Page 211
4.7 Ribbed and Hooped Domes......Page 219
4.8 Schwedler Domes......Page 222
4.9 Simple Suspension Cables......Page 223
4.10 Cable Suspension Systems......Page 229
4.11 Plane-Grid Frameworks......Page 234
4.12 Folded Plates......Page 242
4.13 Orthotropic Plates......Page 248
5.1 Limitations on Use of Fasteners and Welds......Page 262
5.3 High-Strength Bolts, Nuts, and Washers......Page 263
5.5 Welded Studs......Page 266
5.6 Pins......Page 268
5.7 Fastener Diameters......Page 271
5.8 Fastener Holes......Page 272
5.9 Minimum Number of Fasteners......Page 273
5.11 Fastener Spacing......Page 274
5.12 Edge Distance of Fasteners......Page 275
5.13 Fillers......Page 277
5.14 Installation of Fasteners......Page 278
Welds......Page 280
5.15  Welding Materials......Page 281
5.16 Types of Welds......Page 282
5.17 Standard Welding Symbols......Page 286
5.18 Welding Positions......Page 291
5.19 Limitations on Fillet-Weld Dimensions......Page 292
5.21 Welding Procedures......Page 294
5.22 Weld Quality......Page 297
Design of Connections......Page 299
5.25 Hanger Connections......Page 300
5.26 Tension Splices......Page 308
5.27 Compression Splices......Page 311
5.28 Column Base Plates......Page 315
5.29 Beam Bearing Plates......Page 321
5.30 Shear Splices......Page 323
5.31 Bracket Connections......Page 328
5.32 Connections for Simple Beams......Page 338
5.33 Moment Connections......Page 347
5.34 Beams Seated Atop Supports......Page 356
5.35 Truss Connections......Page 357
5.36 Connections for Bracing......Page 359
5.37 Crane-Girder Connections......Page 368
6.1 Building Codes......Page 371
6.4 Building Occupancy Loads......Page 372
6.5 Roof Loads......Page 379
6.6 Wind Loads......Page 380
6.7 Seismic Loads......Page 391
6.9 Crane-Runway Loads......Page 396
6.11 Combined Loads......Page 398
6.12 ASD and LRFD Specifications......Page 399
6.13 Axial Tension......Page 400
6.14 Shear......Page 404
6.15 Combined Tension and Shear......Page 410
6.16 Compression......Page 411
6.17 Bending Strength......Page 415
6.19 Combined Bending and Compression......Page 418
6.20 Combined Bending and Tension......Page 420
6.22 Fatigue Loading......Page 421
6.23 Local Plate Buckling......Page 432
6.25 Design Parameters for Rolled Beams and Plate Girders......Page 434
6.26 Criteria for Composite Construction......Page 437
6.27 Serviceability......Page 444
6.28 Built-Up Compression Members......Page 446
6.29 Built-Up Tension Members......Page 447
6.30 Plastic Design......Page 448
6.31 Hollow Structural Sections......Page 449
6.33 Fire Protection......Page 455
7.1 Tension Members......Page 471
7.2 Comparative Designs of Double-Angle Hanger......Page 473
7.3 Example - LRFD for Wide-Flange Truss Members......Page 474
7.4 Compression Members......Page 475
7.5 Example - LRFD for Steel Pipe in Axial Compression......Page 476
7.6 Comparative Designs of Wide-Flange Section with Axial Compression......Page 477
7.7 Example - LRFD for Double Angles with Axial Compression......Page 478
7.8 Steel Beams......Page 480
7.9 Comparative Designs of Single-Span Floorbeam......Page 481
7.10 Example - LRFD for Floorbeam with Unbraced Top Flange......Page 484
7.11 Example - LRFD for Floorbeam with Overhang......Page 486
7.12 Composite Beams......Page 488
7.13 LRFD for Composite Beam with Uniform Loads......Page 490
7.14 Example - LRFD for Composite Beam with Concentrated Loads and End Moments......Page 498
7.15 Combined Axial Load and Biaxial Bending......Page 502
7.16 Example - LRFD for Wide-Flange Column in a Multistory Rigid Frame......Page 503
7.17 Base Plate Design......Page 507
7.18 Example - LRFD of Column Base Plate......Page 509
8.1 Concrete Fill on Metal Deck......Page 510
8.2 Precast-Concrete Plank......Page 517
Roof Decks......Page 518
8.4 Metal Roof Deck......Page 519
8.6 Wood-Fiber Planks......Page 520
Floor Framing......Page 522
8.8 Rolled Shapes......Page 523
8.9 Open-Web Joists......Page 526
8.11 Trusses......Page 527
8.12 Stub-Girders......Page 528
8.14 Castellated Beams......Page 530
8.17 Fire Protection......Page 534
8.18 Vibrations......Page 537
8.20 Space Frames......Page 538
8.21 Arched Roofs......Page 539
8.22 Dome Roofs......Page 540
8.23 Cable Structures......Page 542
9.1 Description of Wind Forces......Page 545
9.2 Determination of Wind Loads......Page 548
9.3 Seismic Loads in Model Codes......Page 553
9.4 Equivalent Static Forces for Seismic Design......Page 554
9.5 Dynamic Method of Seismic Load Distribution......Page 558
9.6 Structural Steel Systems for Seismic Design......Page 561
9.7 Seismic-Design Limitations on Steel Frames......Page 566
9.8 Forces in Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads......Page 577
9.9 Member and Connection Design for Lateral Loads......Page 582
10.1 Design Specifications and Materials......Page 587
10.2 Manufacturing Methods and Effects......Page 588
10.3 Nominal Loads......Page 590
10.4 Design Methods......Page 591
10.6 Effective Width Concept......Page 593
10.8 Effective Widths of Stiffened Elements......Page 597
10.10 Effective Widths of Uniformly Compressed Elements with Edge Stiffener......Page 600
10.12 Flexural Members......Page 602
10.13 Concentrically Loaded Compression Members......Page 611
10.15 Combined Compressive Axial Load and Bending......Page 613
10.17 Welded Connections......Page 616
10.18 Bolted Connections......Page 620
10.19 Screw Connections......Page 623
10.21 Wall Stud Assemblies......Page 627
10.22 Example of Effective Section Calculation......Page 628
10.23 Example of Bending Strength Calculation......Page 631
11.1 Standard Specifications......Page 633
11.3 Primary Design Considerations......Page 634
11.4 Highway Design Loadings......Page 636
11.5 Load Combinations and Effects......Page 645
11.6 Nominal Resistance for LRFD......Page 651
11.7 Distribution of Loads through Decks......Page 652
11.8 Basic Allowable Stresses for Bridges......Page 656
11.9 Fracture Control......Page 661
11.10 Repetitive Loadings......Page 662
11.11 Detailing for Earthquakes......Page 667
11.12 Detailing for Buckling......Page 668
11.13 Criteria for Built-Up Tension Members......Page 677
11.14 Criteria for Built-Up Compression Members......Page 678
11.15 Plate Girders and Cover-Plated Rolled Beams......Page 680
11.16 Composite Construction with I Girders......Page 682
11.17 Cost-Effective Plate-Girder Designs......Page 686
11.18 Box Girders......Page 688
11.19 Hybrid Girders......Page 692
11.20 Orthotropic-Deck Bridges......Page 693
11.22 Bearings......Page 695
11.23 Detailing for Weldability......Page 699
11.25 Bridge Decks......Page 701
11.26 Elimination of Expansion Joints in Highway Bridges......Page 704
11.27 Bridge Steels and Corrosion Protection......Page 706
11.29 Inspectability......Page 709
11.30 Reference Materials......Page 710
12.1 Characteristics of Beam Bridges......Page 711
12.2 Example - Allowable-Stress Design of Composite, Rolled-Beam Stringer Bridge......Page 715
12.3 Characteristics of Plate-Girder Stringer Bridges......Page 730
12.4 Example - Allowable-Stress Design of Composite, Plate-Girder Bridge......Page 733
12.5 Example - Load-Factor Design of Composite Plate-Girder Bridge......Page 744
12.6 Characteristics of Curved Girder Bridges......Page 758
12.7 Example - Allowable-Stress Design of Curved Stringer Bridge......Page 766
12.8 Deck Plate-Girder Bridges with Floorbeams......Page 779
12.9 Example - Allowable-Stress Design of Deck Plate-Girder Bridge with Floorbeams......Page 780
12.10 Through Plate-Girder Bridges with Floorbeams......Page 814
12.11 Example - Allowable-Stress Design of a Through Plate-Girder Bridge......Page 815
12.12 Composite Box-Girder Bridges......Page 824
12.13 Example - Allowable-Stress Design of a Composite Box-Girder Bridge......Page 828
12.14 Orthotropic-Plate Girder Bridges......Page 838
12.15 Example - Design of an Orthotropic-Plate Box-Girder Bridge......Page 840
12.16 Continuous-Beam Bridges......Page 863
12.17 Allowable-Stress Design of Bridge with Continuous, Composite Stringers......Page 864
12.18 Example - Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of Composite Plate-Girder Bridge......Page 879
13. Truss Bridges......Page 902
13.2 Truss Components......Page 903
13.3 Types of Trusses......Page 906
13.4 Bridge Layout......Page 908
13.5 Deck Design......Page 909
13.6 Lateral Bracing, Portals, and Sway Frames......Page 910
13.8 Truss Design Procedure......Page 911
13.9 Truss Member Details......Page 919
13.10 Member and Joint Design Examples - LFD and SLD......Page 922
13.11 Member Design Example - LRFD......Page 928
13.12 Truss Joint Design Procedure......Page 936
13.13 Example - Load-Factor Design of Truss Joint......Page 938
13.14 Example - Service-Load Design of Truss Joint......Page 945
13.15 Skewed Bridges......Page 950
13.16 Truss Bridges on Curves......Page 951
13.18 Continuous Trusses......Page 952
14. Arch Bridges......Page 953
14.2 Arch Forms......Page 954
14.3 Selection of Arch Type and Form......Page 955
14.4 Comparison of Arch with Other Bridge Types......Page 957
14.5 Erection of Arch Bridges......Page 958
14.6 Design of Arch Ribs and Ties......Page 959
14.7 Design of Other Elements......Page 962
14.8 Examples of Arch Bridges......Page 963
14.9 Guidelines for Preliminary Designs and Estimates......Page 996
14.10 Buckling Considerations for Arches......Page 998
14.11 Example - Design of Tied-Arch Bridge......Page 999
15.1 Evolution of Cable-Suspended Bridges......Page 1021
15.2 Classification of Cable-Suspended Bridges......Page 1025
15.3 Classification and Characteristics of Suspension Bridges......Page 1027
15.4 Classification and Characteristics of Cable-Stayed Bridges......Page 1036
15.5 Classification of Bridges by Span......Page 1043
15.6 Need for Longer Spans......Page 1044
15.7 Population Demographics of Suspension Bridges......Page 1049
15.9 Technological Limitations to Future Development......Page 1050
15.10 Cable-Suspended Bridges for Rail Loading......Page 1051
15.11 Specifications and Loadings for Cable-Suspended Bridges......Page 1052
15.12 Cables......Page 1055
15.13 Cable Saddles, Anchorages, and Connections......Page 1061
15.14 Corrosion Protection of Cables......Page 1065
15.15 Statics of Cables......Page 1072
15.16 Suspension-Bridge Analysis......Page 1073
15.17 Preliminary Suspension-Bridge Design......Page 1088
15.18 Self-Anchored Suspension Bridges......Page 1094
15.19 Cable-Stayed Bridge Analysis......Page 1095
15.20 Preliminary Design of Cable-Stayed Bridges......Page 1099
15.21 Aerodynamic Analysis of Cable-Suspended Bridges......Page 1106
15.22 Seismic Analysis of Cable-Suspended Structures......Page 1116
15.23 Erection of Cable-Suspended Bridges......Page 1117
A......Page 1121
B......Page 1123
C......Page 1133
D......Page 1140
F......Page 1142
G......Page 1146
I......Page 1147
L......Page 1148
M......Page 1150
P......Page 1151
R......Page 1154
S......Page 1155
T......Page 1164
W......Page 1168
Y......Page 1171