Structural Geology

Cover
Half-title page
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
How to use this book
Preface
Acknowledgments
Symbols
1 Structural geology and structural analysis
	1.1 Approaching structural geology
	1.2 Structural geology and tectonics
	1.3 Structural data sets
	1.4 Field data
	1.5 Remote sensing and geodesy
	1.6 DEM, GIS and Google Earth
	1.7 Seismic data
	1.8 Experimental data
	1.9 Numerical modeling
	1.10 Other data sources
	1.11 Organizing the data
	1.12 Structural analysis
	1.13 Concluding remarks
2 Deformation
	2.1 What is deformation?
	2.2 Components of deformation
	2.3 System of reference
	2.4 Deformation: detached from history
	2.5 Homogeneous and heterogeneous deformation
	2.6 Mathematical description of deformation
	2.7 One-dimensional strain
	2.8 Strain in two dimensions
	2.9 Three-dimensional strain
	2.10 The strain ellipsoid
	2.11 More about the strain ellipsoid
	2.12 Volume change
	2.13 Uniaxial strain (compaction)
	2.14 Pure shear and coaxial deformations
	2.15 Simple shear
	2.16 Subsimple shear
	2.17 Progressive deformation and flow parameters
	2.18 Velocity field
	2.19 Flow apophyses
	2.20 Vorticity and Wk
	2.21 Steady-state deformation
	2.22 Incremental deformation
	2.23 Strain compatibility and boundary conditions
	2.24 Deformation history from deformed rocks
	2.25 Coaxiality and progressive simple shear
	2.26 Progressive pure shear
	2.27 Progressive subsimple shear
	2.28 Simple and pure shear and their scale dependence
	2.29 General three-dimensional deformation
	2.30 Stress versus strain
	Summary
3 Strain in rocks
	3.1 Why perform strain analysis?
	3.2 Strain in one dimension
	3.3 Strain in two dimensions
	3.4 Strain in three dimensions
	Summary
4 Stress
	4.1 Definitions, magnitudes and units
	4.2 Stress on a surface
	4.3 Stress at a point
	4.4 Stress components
	4.5 The stress tensor (matrix)
	4.6 Deviatoric stress and mean stress
	4.7 Mohr circle and diagram
	Summary
5 Stress in the lithosphere
	5.1 Importance of stress measurements
	5.2 Stress measurements
	5.3 Reference states of stress
	5.4 The thermal effect on horizontal stress
	5.5 Residual stress
	5.6 Tectonic stress
	5.7 Global stress patterns
	5.8 Differential stress, deviatoric stress and some implications
	Summary
6 Rheology
	6.1 Rheology and continuum mechanics
	6.2 Idealized conditions
	6.3 Elastic materials
	6.4 Plasticity and flow: permanent deformation
	6.5 Combined models
	6.6 Experiments
	6.7 The role of temperature, water, etc.
	6.8 Definition of plastic, ductile and brittle deformation
	6.9 Rheology of the lithosphere
	Summary
7 Fracture and brittle deformation
	7.1 Brittle deformation mechanisms
	7.2 Types of fractures
	7.3 Failure and fracture criteria
	7.4 Microdefects and failure
	7.5 Fracture termination and interaction
	7.6 Reactivation and frictional sliding
	7.7 Fluid pressure, effective stress and poroelasticity
	7.8 Deformation bands and fractures in porous rocks
	Summary
8 Joints and veins
	8.1 Definition and characteristics
	8.2 Kinematics and stress
	8.3 How, why and where joints form
	8.4 Joint distributions
	8.5 Growth and morphology of joints
	8.6 Joint interaction and relative age
	8.7 Joints, permeability and fluid flow
	8.8 Veins
	Summary
9 Faults
	9.1 Fault terminology
	9.2 Fault anatomy
	9.3 Displacement distribution
	9.4 Identifying faults in an oil field setting
	9.5 The birth and growth of faults
	9.6 Growth of fault populations
	9.7 Faults, communication and sealing properties
	Summary
10 Kinematics and paleostress in the brittle regime
	10.1 Kinematic criteria
	10.2 Stress from faults
	10.3 A kinematic approach to fault slip data
	10.4 Contractional and extensional structures
	Summary
11 Deformation at the microscale
	11.1 Deformation mechanisms and microstructures
	11.2 Brittle versus plastic deformation mechanisms
	11.3 Brittle deformation mechanisms
	11.4 Mechanical twinning
	11.5 Crystal defects
	11.6 From the atomic scale to microstructures
	Summary
12 Folds and folding
	12.1 Geometric description
	12.2 Folding: mechanisms and processes
	12.3 Fold interference patterns and refolded folds
	12.4 Folds in shear zones
	12.5 Folding at shallow crustal depths
	Summary
13 Foliation and cleavage
	13.1 Basic concepts
	13.2 Relative age terminology
	13.3 Cleavage development
	13.4 Cleavage, folds and strain
	13.5 Foliations in quartzites, gneisses and mylonite zones
	Summary
14 Lineations
	14.1 Basic terminology
	14.2 Lineations related to plastic deformation
	14.3 Lineations in the brittle regime
	14.4 Lineations and kinematics
	Summary
15 Boudinage
	15.1 Boudinage and pinch-and-swell structures
	15.2 Geometry, viscosity and strain
	15.3 Asymmetric boudinage and rotation
	15.4 Foliation boudinage
	15.5 Boudinage and the strain ellipse
	15.6 Large-scale boudinage
	Summary
16 Shear zones and mylonites
	16.1 What is a shear zone?
	16.2 The ideal plastic shear zone
	16.3 Adding pure shear to a simple shear zone
	16.4 Non-plane strain shear zones
	16.5 Mylonites and kinematic indicators
	16.6 Growth of shear zones
	Summary
17 Contractional regimes
	17.1 Contractional faults
	17.2 Thrust faults
	17.3 Ramps, thrusts and folds
	17.4 Orogenic wedges
	Summary
18 Extensional regimes
	18.1 Extensional faults
	18.2 Fault systems
	18.3 Low-angle faults and core complexes
	18.4 Ramp-flat-ramp geometries
	18.5 Footwall versus hanging-wall collapse
	18.6 Rifting
	18.7 Half-grabens and accommodation zones
	18.8 Pure and simple shear models
	18.9 Stretching estimates, fractals and power-law relations
	18.10 Passive margins and oceanic rifts
	18.11 Orogenic extension and orogenic collapse
	18.12 Postorogenic extension
	Summary
19 Strike-slip, transpression and transtension
	19.1 Strike-slip faults
	19.2 Transfer faults
	19.3 Transcurrent faults
	19.4 Development and anatomy of strike-slip faults
	19.5 Transpression and transtension
	19.6 Strain partitioning
	Summary
20 Salt tectonics
	20.1 Salt tectonics and halokinesis
	20.2 Salt properties and rheology
	20.3 Salt diapirism, salt geometry and the flow of salt
	20.4 Rising diapirs: processes
	20.5 Salt diapirism in the extensional regime
	20.6 Diapirism in the contractional regime
	20.7 Diapirism in strike-slip settings
	20.8 Salt collapse by karstification
	20.9 Salt décollements
	Summary
21 Balancing and restoration
	21.1 Basic concepts and definitions
	21.2 Restoration of geologic sections
	21.3 Restoration in map view
	21.4 Geomechanically based restoration
	21.5 Restoration in three dimensions
	21.6 Backstripping
	Summary
22 A glimpse of a larger picture
	22.1 Synthesizing
	22.2 Deformation phases
	22.3 Progressive deformation
	22.4 Metamorphic textures
	22.5 Radiometric dating and P–T–t paths
	22.6 Tectonics and sedimentation
	Summary
Appendix A: More about the deformation matrix
Appendix B: Spherical projections
Glossary
References
Cover and chapter image captions
Index