Structural Concrete: Theory & Design

 Content: Preface xiii  Notation xvii  Conversion Factors xxiii   1 Introduction 1    1.1 Structural Concrete 1  1.2 Historical Background 1  1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete 3  1.4 Codes of Practice 4  1.5 Design Philosophy and Concepts 4  1.6 Units of Measurement 5  1.7 Loads 6  1.8 Safety Provisions 8  1.9 Structural Concrete Elements 9  1.10 Structural Concrete Design 10  1.11 Accuracy of Calculations 10  1.12 Concrete High-Rise Buildings 11  References 14   2 Properties of Reinforced Concrete 15    2.1 Factors Affecting Strength of Concrete 15  2.2 Compressive Strength 17  2.3 Stress--Strain Curves of Concrete 18  2.4 Tensile Strength of Concrete 20  2.5 Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rupture) of Concrete 21  2.6 Shear Strength 22  2.7 Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete 22  2.8 Poisson\'s Ratio 23  2.9 Shear Modulus 23  2.10 Modular Ratio 24  2.11 Volume Changes of Concrete 24  2.12 Creep 26  2.13 Models for Predicting Shrinkage and Creep of Concrete 28  2.14 Unit Weight of Concrete 64  2.15 Fire Resistance 64  2.16 High-Performance Concrete 64  2.17 Lightweight Concrete 65  2.18 Fibrous Concrete 66  2.19 Steel Reinforcement 66  Summary 70  Referecnces 72  Problems 73   3 Flexural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams 75    3.1 Introduction 75  3.2 Assumptions 76  3.3 Behavior of Simply Supported Reinforced Concrete Beam Loaded to Failure 76  3.4 Types of Flexural Failure and Strain Limits 80  3.5 Load Factors 84  3.6 Strength Reduction Factor phi 85  3.7 Significance of Analysis and Design Expressions 87  3.8 Equivalent Compressive Stress Distribution 88  3.9 Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section in Bending 90  3.10 Lower Limit or Minimum Percentage of Steel 101  3.11 Adequacy of Sections 102  3.12 Bundled Bars 106  3.13 Sections in the Transition Region (phi <0.9) 107  3.14 Rectangular Sections with Compression Reinforcement 109  3.15 Analysis of T- and I-Sections 120  3.16 Dimensions of Isolated T-Shaped Sections 129  3.17 Inverted L-Shaped Sections 130  3.18 Sections of Other Shapes 130  3.19 Analysis of Sections Using Tables 133  3.20 Additional Examples 134  3.21 Examples Using SI Units 136  Summary 138  References 141  Problems 142   4 Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 146    4.1 Introduction 146  4.2 Rectangular Sections with Reinforcement Only 146  4.3 Spacing of Reinforcement and Concrete Cover 149  4.4 Rectangular Sections with Compression Reinforcement 156  4.5 Design of T-Sections 163  4.6 Additional Examples 168  4.7 Examples Using SI Units 173  Summary 175  Problems 179   5 Shear and Diagonal Tension 183    5.1 Introduction 183  5.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams 183  5.3 Behavior of Beams without Shear Reinforcement 186  5.4 Moment Effect on Shear Strength 188  5.5 Beams with Shear Reinforcement 190  5.6 ACI Code Shear Design Requirements 193  5.7 Design of Vertical Stirrups 196  5.8 Design Summary 200  5.9 Shear Force due to Live Loads 204  5.10 Shear Stresses in Members of Variable Depth 208  5.11 Examples Using SI Units 215  Summary 217  References 218  Problems 218   6 Deflection and Control of Cracking 222    6.1 Deflection of Structural Concrete Members 222  6.2 Instantaneous Deflection 223  6.3 Long-Time Deflection 229  6.4 Allowable Deflection 230  6.5 Deflection due to Combinations of Loads 230  6.6 Cracks in Flexural Members 239  6.7 ACI Code Requirements 243  Summary 248  References 249  Problems 250   7 Development Length of Reinforcing Bars 253    7.1 Introduction 253  7.2 Development of Bond Stresses 254  7.3 Development Length in Tension 257  7.4 Development Length in Compression 261  7.5 Summary for Computation of Id in Tension 262  7.6 Critical Sections in Flexural Members 265  7.7 Standard Hooks (ACI Code, Sections 12.5 and 7.1) 269  7.8 Splices of Reinforcement 272  7.9 Moment--Resistance Diagram (Bar Cutoff Points) 277  Summary 282  References 283  Problems 283   8 Design of Deep Beams by the Strut-and-Tie Method 287    8.1 Introduction 287  8.2 B-- and D--Regions 287  8.3 Strut-and-Tie Model 287  8.4 ACI Design Procedure to Build a Strut-and-Tie Model 290  8.5 Strut-and-Tie Method According to AASHTO LRFD 299  8.6 Deep Members 300  References 316   9 One-Way Slabs 317    9.1 Types of Slabs 317  9.2 Design of One-Way Solid Slabs 319  9.3 Design Limitations According to ACI Code 320  9.4 Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement 321  9.5 Reinforcement Details 322  9.6 Distribution of Loads from One-Way Slabs to Supporting Beams 323  9.7 One-Way Joist Floor System 328  Summary 331  References 333  Problems 333   10 Axially Loaded Columns 335    10.1 Introduction 335  10.2 Types of Columns 335  10.3 Behavior of Axially Loaded Columns 337  10.4 ACI Code Limitations 337  10.5 Spiral Reinforcement 339  10.6 Design Equations 341  10.7 Axial Tension 342  10.8 Long Columns 342  Summary 345  References 346  Problems 346   11 Members in Compression and Bending 348    11.1 Introduction 348  11.2 Design Assumptions for Columns 350  11.3 Load--Moment Interaction Diagram 350  11.4 Safety Provisions 353  11.5 Balanced Condition: Rectangular Sections 354  11.6 Column Sections under Eccentric Loading 357  11.7 Strength of Columns for Tension Failure 359  11.8 Strength of Columns for Compression Failure 362  11.9 Interaction Diagram Example 368  11.10 Rectangular Columns with Side Bars 369  11.11 Load Capacity of Circular Columns 373  11.12 Analysis and Design of Columns Using Charts 378  11.13 Design of Columns under Eccentric Loading 383  11.14 Biaxial Bending 389  11.15 Circular Columns with Uniform Reinforcement under Biaxial Bending 391  11.16 Square and Rectangular Columns under Biaxial Bending 394  11.17 Parme Load Contour Method 395  11.18 Equation of Failure Surface 400  11.19 SI Example 403  Summary 405  References 407  Problems 407   12 Slender Columns 412    12.1 Introduction 412  12.2 Effective Column Length (Klu) 413  12.3 Effective Length Factor (K) 414  12.4 Member Stiffness (EI) 415  12.5 Limitation of the Slenderness Ratio (Klu/r) 419  12.6 Moment-Magnifier Design Method 420  Summary 431  References 432  Problems 433   13 Footings 435    13.1 Introduction 435  13.2 Types of Footings 437  13.3 Distribution of Soil Pressure 440  13.4 Design Considerations 441  13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 451  13.6 Combined Footings 464  13.7 Footings Under Eccentric Column Loads 470  13.8 Footings Under Biaxial Moment 472  13.9 Slabs On Ground 475  13.10 Footings On Piles 475  13.11 SI Equations 476  Summary 476  References 479  Problems 479   14 Retaining Walls 482    14.1 Introduction 482  14.2 Types of Retaining Walls 482  14.3 Forces on Retaining Walls 484  14.4 Active and Passive Soil Pressures 485  14.5 Effect of Surcharge 489  14.6 Friction on the Retaining Wall Base 491  14.7 Stability against Overturning 491  14.8 Proportions of Retaining Walls 492  14.9 Design Requirements 493  14.10 Drainage 494  14.11 Basement Walls 505  Summary 509  References 510  Problems 510   15 Design for Torsion 515    15.1 Introduction 515  15.2 Torsional Moments in Beams 516  15.3 Torsional Stresses 517  15.4 Torsional Moment in Rectangular Sections 520  15.5 Combined Shear and Torsion 521  15.6 Torsion Theories for Concrete Members 521  15.7 Torsional Strength of Plain Concrete Members 526  15.8 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Members (ACI Code Procedure) 526  15.9 Summary of ACI Code Procedures 534  Summary 542  References 543  Problems 544   16 Continuous Beams and Frames 547    16.1 Introduction 547  16.2 Maximum Moments in Continuous Beams 548  16.3 Building Frames 553  16.4 Portal Frames 555  16.5 General Frames 557  16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 559  16.7 Introduction to Limit Design 571  16.8 The Collapsec Mechanism 572  16.9 Principles of Limit Design 573  16.10 Upper and Lower Bounds of Load Factors 575  16.11 Limit Analysis 575  16.12 Rotation of Plastic Hinges 579  16.13 Summary of Limit Design Procedure 585  16.14 Moment Redistribution of Maximum Negative or Positive Moments in Continuous Beams 589  Summary 598  References 599  Problems 600   17 Design of Two-Way Slabs 603    17.1 Introduction 603  17.2 Types of Two-Way Slabs 603  17.3 Economical Choice of Concrete Floor Systems 607  17.4 Design Concepts 608  17.5 Column and Middle Strips 612  17.6 Minimum Slab Thickness to Control Deflection 614  17.7 Shear Strength of Slabs 618  17.8 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs by the Direct Design Method 623  17.9 Design Moments in Columns 652  17.10 Transfer of Unbalanced Moments to Columns 653  17.11 Waffle Slabs 665  17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 673  Summary 684  References 686  Problems 686   18 Stairs 689    18.1 Introduction 689  18.2 Types of Stairs 691  18.3 Examples 706  Summary 715  References 715  Problems 716   19 Introduction to Prestressed Concrete 718    19.1 Prestressed Concrete 718  19.2 Materials and Serviceability Requirements 729  19.3 Loss of Prestress 731  19.4 Analysis of Flexural Members 740  19.5 Design of Flexural Members 750  19.6 Cracking Moment 756  19.7 Deflection 758  19.8 Design for Shear 761  19.9 Preliminary Design of Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members 769  19.10 End-Block Stresses 771  Summary 774  References 776  Problems 777   20 Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 780    20.1 Introduction 780  20.2 Seismic Design Category 780  20.3 Analysis Procedures 797  20.4 Load Combinations 812  20.5 Special Requirements in Design of Structures Subjected to Earthquake Loads 813  References 849  Problems 849   21 Beams Curved in Plan 851    21.1 Introduction 851  21.2 Uniformly Loaded Circular Beams 851  21.3 Semicircular Beam Fixed at End Supports 858  21.4 Fixed-End Semicircular Beam under Uniform Loading 862  21.5 Circular Beam Subjected to Uniform Loading 865  21.6 Circular Beam Subjected to a Concentrated Load at Midspan 868  21.7 V-Shape Beams Subjected to Uniform Loading 871  21.8 V-Shape Beams Subjected to a Concentrated Load at the Centerline of the Beam 874  Summary 878  References 879  Problems 879   22 Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design Based on AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 880    22.1 Introduction 880  22.2 Typical Cross Sections 881  22.3 Design Philosophy of AASHTO Specificatioins 884  22.4 Load Factors and Combinations (AASHTO 3.4) 885  22.5 Gravity Loads 889  22.6 Design for Flexural and Axial Force Effects (AASHTO 5.7) 898  22.7 Design for Shear (AASHTO 5.8) 899  22.8 Loss of Prestress (AASHTO 5.9.5) 906  22.9 Deflections (AASHTO 5.7.3.6) 908  References 937   23 Design and Analysis Flowcharts 938    Appendix A: Design Tables (U.S. Customary Units) 962  Appendix B: Design Tables (SI Units) 972  Appendix C: Structural Aids 980  Index 1001