Structural Colors in the Realm of Nature

Contents......Page 12
Preface......Page 8
1.1 What Is Structural Color?......Page 16
1.2 Historical Review......Page 18
2.1.1 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave......Page 22
2.1.2 Fresnel’s Law......Page 24
2.1.3 Polarizations......Page 27
2.2 Thin-Film Interference......Page 30
2.3 Multilayer Interference......Page 35
2.4 Diffraction of Light and Diffraction Grating......Page 41
2.5 Photonic Crystals......Page 47
2.6 Light Scattering......Page 52
3.1.1 Phylogeny of the Lepidoptera......Page 58
3.1.2 Lepidopteran Scales......Page 61
3.2.1 General Remarks......Page 63
3.2.2 Basic Observations......Page 67
3.2.3 History of the Morpho Studies......Page 72
3.2.4 Progress in the Morpho Studies After the 1990s......Page 75
3.2.5.1 Microscopic Observations......Page 79
3.2.5.2 Optical Measurements......Page 84
3.2.5.3 A Simple Model Based on Light Diffraction and Interference......Page 89
3.2.5.4 High Reflectivity of the Morpho Wing......Page 92
3.2.5.5 Effect of Pigment......Page 93
3.2.5.6 Role of Cover Scale......Page 97
3.2.5.7 Reproduction of Morpho Blue......Page 100
3.2.6 Morpho Mimicry......Page 102
3.3 Overview of the Structural Coloration in Butter.ies andMoths......Page 107
3.3.1 Papilioninae (Papilionidae)......Page 110
3.3.2 Pierinae and Coliadinae (Pieridae)......Page 117
3.3.3 Lycaenidae......Page 120
3.3.4 Nymphalidae......Page 126
3.3.6 Moths......Page 132
3.3.7 Moth Eye......Page 137
4.1 Overview......Page 144
4.2.1 Scarabaeid Beetles......Page 147
4.2.2 Jewel Beetles, Leaf Beetles, and Tiger Beetles......Page 154
4.2.3 Scale-Bearing Beetles: Weevils......Page 161
4.2.4 Color-Changing Beetles......Page 163
4.3 Damselflies and Dragonflies......Page 164
4.4 Shield Bugs and Cicadas......Page 168
4.5 Other Insects......Page 170
5.1 Overview......Page 176
5.2 Peacocks, Pheasants, and Ducks......Page 180
5.3 Hummingbirds......Page 186
5.4 Trogons......Page 189
5.5 Pigeons......Page 191
5.6 Non-iridescent Colorations — King.shers, Parakeets, Cotingas, and Jays......Page 194
6.1 General Description......Page 200
6.2 Static Iridophores......Page 202
6.3 Motile Iridophores......Page 205
6.4 Corneal Iridescence......Page 210
7. Plants......Page 214
8.1 Shells......Page 222
8.2 Spiders......Page 225
8.3 Marine Animals......Page 226
9.1.1 Transfer Matrix Method......Page 230
9.1.2 Iterative Method......Page 233
9.1.3 Huxley’s Method......Page 235
9.1.4 Estimation of Reflection Bandwidth......Page 240
9.2.1 “Shelf Structure” Model......Page 243
9.2.2 Effect of Alternately Sticking Shelf Structure and Ridge Inclination......Page 248
9.2.3 Effect of Spatial Correlation in the Ridge Height Distribution......Page 251
9.2.4 2D Fourier Analysis of the Shelf Structure......Page 252
9.3.1 Monolayer and Multilayer Antireflectors......Page 255
9.3.2 Moth-Eye-Type Antireflector......Page 258
9.4 Average Refractive Index......Page 261
9.5.1 Parabolic Patterns......Page 268
9.5.2 Dispersion Relations and Optical Responses......Page 270
Bibliography......Page 280
Appendix A......Page 302
References......Page 340
B.1 Fundamental Optical Processes......Page 342
B.2 Characteristics of Morpho Butterflies......Page 343
B.3 Morpho Butterflies......Page 344
B.4 Structurally Colored Butterflies......Page 346
B.5 Scarabeid Beetles Under Circular Polarizers......Page 347
B.6 Structurally Colored Birds and Fish......Page 348
B.7 Morpho Mimicry......Page 349
Index of Scientific Names......Page 350
Subject Index......Page 360