Stroke Rehabilitation, 1e

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	Front-Matter_2019_Stroke-Rehabilitation
		Stroke Rehabilitation
	Copyright_2019_Stroke-Rehabilitation
		Copyright
	List-of-Contributors_2019_Stroke-Rehabilitation
		List of Contributors
	Improving-the-Lives-of-Stroke-Survivors_2019_Stroke-Rehabilitation
		Improving the Lives of Stroke Survivors
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	1. Stroke Epidemiology and Prevention
		Introduction
		Clinical Definition of Stroke
		Burden of Stroke
		Prevention
		Classification and Determination of Stroke Risk Factors
		Modifiable Risk Factors
			Air and Noise Pollution
		Interventions and Educational Approaches
		Future Directions and Conclusions
		References
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	2. Prediction of Motor Recovery and Outcomes After Stroke
		Introduction
		What Can Clinicians Use to Guide Predictions in Clinical Practice?
		Is This Prediction Model of Motor Recovery or Outcome Ready for Use in Clinical Practice?
			Did the Development Study Recruit a Representative Cohort?
			Did the Development Study Standardize Measurement of Predictors?
			Did the Development Study Standardize Measurement of Outcomes?
			Did the Validation Study Conduct External Validation?
		Which Prediction Model of Motor Recovery or Outcome Might Be Ready for Use in Clinical Practice?
			The ASTRAL Model
			The ESSEN ICH Model
		Conclusions: Summary and Implications for Clinicians and Researchers
		References
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	3. Aphasia Rehabilitation
		Definition
		Classification and Types of Aphasia
		Aphasia Rehabilitation in the United States
		Aphasia Treatment Principles
		Impairment-Based Treatment Approaches
		Verbal Production Treatment
			Phonological-Based Treatment
			Semantic-Based Treatment
			Syntax Treatment
		Reading and Writing Treatment
			Summary of Impairment Treatment-Related Progress in Research Studies
		Social-Communication Treatment Approaches
		Biological Treatment Approaches
		Treatment With Multilingual and Multicultural Individuals and Work With Interpreters
		Conclusions
		References
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	4. Swallowing Disorders After Stroke
		Swallowing Epidemiology
		Neural Control of Swallowing
			Brainstem
				Oropharyngeal sensation
				Dorsal swallow group (DSG)
				Ventral swallow group (VSG)
			Supramedullary Control
				Corticobulbar and extrapyramidal tracts
				Insula
				Lesion laterality
		Screening for Dysphagia in Acute Stroke Patients
		Assessment of Dysphagia After Stroke
			Clinical Evaluation
			Instrumental Assessment
		Treatment Approaches for the Patient With Dysphagia
			Dysphagia Treatment: External Factors
			Principles of Dysphagia Therapy
			Liquids or Food Texture Modification
			Maneuvers
				Chin tuck
				Head turn and tilt
				Effortful swallow
				Supraglottic and super-supraglottic swallow
				Mendelsohn maneuver
			Restorative Approaches
				Tongue hold
				Shaker exercises
			Other Treatment Approaches
			Oral Versus Nonoral Feeding in Neurologic Dysphagia
				Nasogastric tubes
				Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes
				Oral care
				Dysphagia and nonoral feeding
		Conclusion
		References
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	5. Right Brain Stroke Syndromes
		Introduction
			Lateralization of Function in the Cerebral Hemispheres
		Spatial Neglect
			Definitions/History
			Pathophysiology/Neuroanatomy
			Clinical Presentation
			Rehabilitation of Spatial Neglect
		Anosognosia or Unawareness of Deficit
			Definitions/History
			Pathophysiology/Neuroanatomy
			Clinical Presentation
			Rehabilitation of Anosognosia for Hemiparesis
		Emotional Processing Deficits, Including Emotional Aprosodia
			Definitions/History
			Pathophysiology/Neuroanatomy
			Clinical Presentation
			Rehabilitation of Emotional Processing Deficits
		Alien Hand Syndrome
			Definitions/History
			Pathophysiology/Neuroanatomy
			Clinical Presentation
			Rehabilitation of Alien Hand Syndrome
		Conclusions and Future Directions
		References
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	6. Musculoskeletal Pain
		Risk Factors
			Joint Pain
			Shoulder Pain
		Soft Tissue Injury
		Bicipital Tendonitis
		Shoulder Subluxation
		Capsulitis and Related Conditions
		Spasticity
		Central Hypersensitivity
		Summary
		References
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	7. Central Pain and Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
		Introduction
		Central Post-Stroke Pain
			Neuroanatomy of CPSP
				The spinothalamic tract
				The medullary tracts
				The cerebral cortex
			What Is Known About the Pathophysiology of CPSP
			Treatments for CPSP
				Antidepressants
				Anticonvulsants
				Corticosteroids
				Nonpharmacologic treatments
		Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
			Pathophysiology of CRPS
			Treatment of CRPS in Stroke
		Conclusion
		References
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	8. Upper Limb Impairment
		Introduction
		Nonuse
		Bad-Use
		Lack of Dexterity
		Conclusion
		References
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	9. Lower Limb Impairments After Stroke
		Introduction
		Motor Impairment
		Somatosensory Impairment
		Spasticity
		Motor Coordination and Balance
		Conclusions
		References
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	10. Current Concepts in Assessment and Management of Spasticity
		Introduction
		Pathophysiology
		Clinical Presentation, Assessment, and Goal-Setting
			Clinical Presentations
			Clinical and Quantitative Assessment
				Goal-Setting
		Management
			Physical Modalities
			Oral Spasmolytics
			Focal Treatment—Botulinum Toxins
			Clinical Issues Related to the Use of BoNT
				Focal Treatment–Nerve Block (Neurolysis)
				Intrathecal Baclofen (ITB) Therapy
				Surgical Intervention
				Emerging Therapy–Hyaluronidase Injections
				Other Emerging Therapies
		References
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	11. Depression and Other Neuropsychiatric Issues Following Stroke
		Disclosure Statement
		Introduction
		Prevalence
		Risk Factors
		Impact
			Disability
			Cognition
			Mortality
		Mechanism
		Diagnosis
		Differential Diagnosis
			Adjustment Disorder
			Apathy
			Aprosodia
			Delirium
			Psychosis
			Pathological Laughing and Crying
			Fatigue
			Anxiety
			Bipolar Depression
			Poststroke Mania
		Treatment
			Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
			Other Antidepressants
			Additional Interventions
			Prevention of Poststroke Depression
		Conclusion
		References
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	12. Visuospatial Impairment
		Overview of Vision-Related Presentations Following Stroke
		Vision Screening for the Rehabilitation Professional
		Common Afferent Vision Deficits
			Visual Field Impairment
			Potential Causes of Blurred Vision: Changes in Refractive Error, Optic Nerve Damage, or Cortical Vision Loss
		Management of Afferent Deficits
			Post-Stroke Impaired Visual Field Integrity
			Poststroke Blurred Vision
		Common Efferent Vision Deficits
			Cranial Nerve Palsies
			Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
			Gaze Palsies
			One-and-a-Half Syndrome
			Weber Syndrome
			Ptosis
			Lagophthalmos
		Management of Efferent Deficits
			Poststroke Eye Movement Disorders
			Poststroke Eyelid Disorders
		Visual Perceptual Disorders
		References
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	13. Pharmacological Interventions to Enhance Stroke Recovery
		Introduction
		General Principles
		Neurotransmitter Anatomy and Physiology
		Medications to Promote Motor Recovery
			Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
				Rationale
			SSRI Evidence Supporting Recovery
			Catecholaminergic Agents
				Rationale
				Amphetamines
				Dopamine
			Medications to Promote Language Recovery
			Catecholaminergic Agents
				Piracetam
				Aceytlcholine
				Memantine
		Medications for Cognitive Impairment After Stroke
		Conclusion
		References
		Further Reading
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	14. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Stroke Recovery
		Introduction
		Motor Dysfunction After Stroke
		Purposes of NMES in Stroke Motor Rehabilitation
		NMES Fundamentals
			NMES Device Components
			External NMES
			Implanted NMES
			Mechanisms of Action for NMES-Mediated Motor Relearning After Stroke
		Upper Extremity NMES
			Cyclic Stimulation
			EMG-, Switch-, and Sensor-Triggered Stimulation
			Contralaterally Controlled Stimulation
			Implanted NMES Control
		Lower Extremity NMES
			Peroneal Nerve NMES for Foot Drop
			Multijoint NMES for Walking
		NMES for Swallowing
			NMES for Shoulder Pain
		NMES for Spasticity
		Analysis of NMES for Stroke Rehabilitation
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Opportunities
			Threats
		Conclusion
		References
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	15. Returning to Work After Stroke
		Introduction
		Stroke in Working Ages
			Incidence of Stroke Among People in the Working Ages
			Proportions of People Not Returning to Work After Stroke
		Predictors for Returning or Not Returning to Work After Stroke
		Systems and Organizations for Return-to-Work
		Rehabilitation Intervention for Return-to-Work
			Current evidence-based knowledge of vocational rehabilitation for people with stroke
			Vocational Rehabilitation Intervention Programs
			The Workplace Intervention Program
			Outline of the Workplace Intervention Program
			The Resource Facilitation Program
			Early Stroke Specific Vocational Rehabilitation Program
			Early Intervention and Work Preparation
			Phased Return-to-Work
			Sustaining Work Return
		Coordinator
		Assessments Used in the Return-to-Work Process
		The Experience of Return-to-Work of People With Stroke, the Meaning of Work
		Experiences of Co-workers and Employers
		References
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	16. Driving Rehabilitation
		Introduction
		Driving Training Methods
			Paper-and-Pencil-Based Driving Training
			Computerized Video-Based Driving Training
			Dynavision-Based Driving Training
			Simulator-Based Driving Training
			On-Road Driving Training
		Common Models of Driving
		Paradigms Underlying Different Training Approaches
		An Example of a Structured Simulator-Based Training Program
			Vehicle Modification and Adaptive Equipment
			Alternative to Driving Resumption
		Summary and Take-Home Messages
		References
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	17. Rehabilitation Robotics for Stroke
		Rehabilitation Robotics for Stroke
		Definition of a Robot
		Benefits of Robotics in Rehabilitation
		Categories of Rehabilitation Robotics
			Workstation Robots—Upper Extremity
			Dosing and Timing of Robotic Therapy
			Workstation Robots—Lower Extremity
			Wearable Robots
			Disadvantages of Wearable Robots
			Limitations of Workstation Robots
			Robots for ADL Assistance
			Limitations of ADL Robots
		Conclusion
		References
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	18. Efficacy of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Motor Rehabilitation After Stroke
		Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
		Safety Considerations
		Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Application for the Stroke Brain
		Efficacy of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation to Improve Motor Function in Patients With Stroke
		Factors Affecting Efficacy of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation to Improve Motor Function in Patients With Stroke
		Time Since Stroke
		Severity of Impairment
		Stroke Lesion Location and Its Relation to Stimulation Targets
		Summary
		References
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	19. Children and Stroke
		Definition
		Epidemiology/Risk
		Etiology
		Complications
			Mobility
			Dysphagia
			Cognitive
		Therapies
		School
		Transition
		Conclusion
		References
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	20. Promoting Healthy Behaviors in Stroke Survivors
		Physical Activity
		Nutrition and Weight Management
		Medication Adherence
		Behavior Change Strategies
		Social Cognitive Theory
		Transtheoretical Model
		Encouraging Goal-Setting and Self-Monitoring
		Identifying Barriers and Providing Feedback
		Reshaping the Physical and Social Environment
		References
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	Index
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